The role of tourist and local lore work in the upbringing of the younger. Educational potential of tourist and local history activities of students

Formation of students' interest in the history of their native land

and culture of its peoples through tourism activities.

Introduction.

The territory of modern Yamal is inhabited by representatives of more than a hundred nationalities with their multifaceted culture and various religious beliefs. Since ancient times, the economic development of the North has continued, which leads to great social and cultural changes in the life of the indigenous population and the appearance of the region as a whole.

All the peoples of the YaNAO are usually divided into indigenous and newcomers. The indigenous include those who have lived in the North for centuries - the Nenets, Khanty, Mansi, Selkup and others. Alien peoples include Russian Ukrainians, Belarusians, Moldovans, Bashkirs, Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Chechens and representatives of other nationalities of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the European part of Russia and the former Soviet Union, who arrived in the region as a result of its industrial development. For a long period of interaction of the multinational population of Yamal, a natural process of assimilation of cultures took place.

The development of the North is marked by labor prowess and glory. Geographical discoveries, commercial developments are of great importance for our country and the world as a whole. The history of the district also has tragic pages, reflecting the negative changes in the life of the indigenous peoples of the YNAO as a result of the actions of the first tsarist, then the Soviet government. However, the peoples, originally living in the territory of the district, were able to preserve their original culture, customs, languages.

For many of us, Yamal has become a small homeland, where we return from vacation. Here ... Here again, to the land of mushrooms, berries, boundless blue sky, blizzards, snowstorms, the most transparent ice. Here, in the Far North, the second generation is growing up, for which Novy Urengoy has become a place of birth, and the district is rightfully a native land.

It is necessary to educate in ourselves and children a careful attitude to the history of the northern region, its nature, to cultivate an interest in the traditions, customs, life, life of the peoples, on the lands of which many of us have found our home, our small homeland.

The formation of interest in the history of the native land, in its multinational family, traditions and customs of peoples in the system of additional education most fully occurs through tourism activities. Any kind of tourist travel enriches a person with new information, develops his intellect. Regular classes in tourism and local history form the spiritual image of the student, his character, life guidelines, attitudes towards other people, to his homeland, to nature.

Tourism - one of the most effective means of education that develops and improves the moral and volitional qualities necessary for a person: courage, determination, discipline, activity, independence, will, collectivism. Tourism harmoniously combines all aspects of human activity: intellectual, physical and emotional. Tourism allows you to rationally organize the leisure of children and adolescents, help them make an informed choice of a further type of professional activity.

Tourism solves the most important pedagogical tasks: education, health improvement, professional orientation, social adaptation, education of students. Local history, as one of the elements of tourism activities, broadens the horizons of schoolchildren, increases the scientific level of education.

In all educational programs of additional education for students of tourism, local history and environmental and biological orientation, there are necessarily topics on studying the history of the native land, its natural and economic features, the national and social composition of the population, the culture of peoples, and the tourist and excursion opportunities of the region.

Types of tourist and local history activities.

1. Excursion activity.

Tourist and local history activities can be carried out in the form of excursions, expeditions. To conduct this or that type of local history research, there are certain requirements and approaches.

In preparation for excursions the leader (teacher) must:

• determination of the goals and topic of the excursion;
• study and accumulation of materials on the topic;
• identification and specific study of excursion objects;
• preparation of the itinerary of the excursion;
• compiling the text of the excursion;
• compiling cards of excursion objects;
• drawing up methodological development.

Each excursion should have a target setting in the topic.

The correct formulation of the goals of the excursion is of great importance. It determines the ideological orientation of the excursion, helps in the selection and coverage of the material. In addition, the specific objectives of the excursion should be determined.

Excursion objects can be expositions of museums and exhibitions, historical and artistic monuments and memorable places, natural attractions, as well as works of architecture and urban planning (residential and public buildings, industrial and transport facilities, city square, street, monument or monument, etc.). ).

The tour should be based on a logical plan that corresponds to the overall composition of the tour.

Each excursion consists of three main parts: introduction, main part and conclusion. The introduction and conclusion differ from the main part in that they, as a rule, are not connected with the excursion object. This brings the introduction closer to the beginning of the lecture, the task of which is to establish contact with the audience, to draw its attention to the topic.

In the introduction, the guide reveals the content of the topic of the tour and highlights the main problems that are concretized during the tour at the display of objects. The introduction should be bright and concise in form and relevant in content.

The main part - the tour itself - is based on a combination of a show with a story. Its content consists of separate sub-themes, which are revealed on objects and united by the main theme. This theme determines the direction of the excursion, the ratio of parts, the volume and "turn" of specific material associated with objects, and the very principle of presentation.

In conclusion, the guide sums up the tour, draws general conclusions on the topic and answers the questions of the tourists. The guide (teacher) can recommend homework to schoolchildren - write an essay, make sketches of what they saw and heard on the excursion.

When preparing for an excursion, as you collect information about objects, it is recommended to enter them into special cards.

1.Card of the excursion object

2. Name of the excursion object.

3. Location, address.

4. Time of occurrence, discovery, construction.

6. External signs: style, characteristic.

7. Appointment and use.

8. Brief history of the object. Its modern character.

9. Projected changes.

10. Literature used in compiling the card.

The main component of the tour, which determines the visibility of the tour, is the show. With its help, the guide directs the process of perception of tourists, directs their attention to the main features and aspects of objects, phenomena that help to highlight the excursion theme.

The excursion allows schoolchildren to determine their place and the place of their family in the history of their native city, region, to cultivate a caring attitude towards the world around them, to develop intellectually, to reveal the creative potential of the individual through reinforcing tasks. Excursion activities are of an integrated nature, because information obtained during the inspection of objects, the exposition of the school, local history museum, representatives of wildlife MBOU DOD DES can be used in the lessons of literature, fine arts, natural history, biology, etc., as well as in the research activities of adolescents.

Our institution has accumulated experience in preparing and conducting excursion activities, developed excursion routes around the city, and guidelines for conducting excursions. This work is carried out systematically, because the city grows, develops, new objects for research appear, on the map of the city there are new names of streets with the names of prominent fellow countrymen.

2. Expedition.

One of the forms of tourist and local history work of schoolchildren is an expedition. Expedition - a form of educational activity associated with traveling to another area and performing tasks to study any natural, cultural, historical object under the guidance of a specialist. Research, depending on their nature, can be carried out on a hike - both during daylight hours and on walking days, as well as during the group's stay in a stationary camp.

Research and search expeditions and hikes with a research bias are the most attractive and promising in a number of forms of tourism and local history activities, since they are filled with practical content. In these events, the knowledge gained by schoolchildren during the school year can be put into practice, personal discoveries are possible.

During research expeditions, teenagers get acquainted with the local population, with its ethnic composition, culture, traditions, and way of life. The interest and respectful attitude of the local population to the goals and objectives of the expedition participants significantly increases the social significance of search and research activities in the eyes of the children, forms a target setting that allows them not to stop in their education and development.

In order for the participants of the expedition to receive satisfaction from their work, the expedition must set, understand and implement specific research tasks in the conditions of a particular region. Careful attention should be paid to the chosen research topics. They should be understandable and accessible to students. The composition of the group of different ages ensures the qualified implementation of the planned program and the observance of the continuity of research.

The organizers of field research activities are tasked with:

• recreation and health improvement of children in the natural environment;
• formation of creative activity and cognitive interest of students;
• consolidation of knowledge in the subjects of the basic school plan;
• professional orientation of teenagers;
• education of the ecological culture of the individual;
• formation of survival skills in the natural environment.

Planning an expedition begins with choosing an area. It is advisable to organize hikes and expeditions in the most interesting natural areas that differ from the place of permanent residence of schoolchildren, for example, a reindeer herding camp. New impressions, new culture, new traditions and customs enhance the emotional impact on the participants, increase the intellectual and cultural potential of a teenager.

It is necessary to take into account the permissible level of objective danger, the natural and climatic features of the region where the expedition is planned, because students have to live in extreme conditions. The expedition leader must minimize the likelihood of accidents by properly planning the route, the intended activity, selecting qualified teaching staff, preparing equipment, and conducting safety briefings in the natural environment. It is also necessary to register the group with the relevant authorities of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, to establish contact with local authorities. Members of the expedition must be trained in first aid, have travel skills.

The duration of the school expedition should not exceed 30 days. The optimal time is three weeks. With a long expedition, adolescents accumulate physical and emotional fatigue, productivity decreases, with prolonged communication in a small group and an extreme situation, conflicts may arise.

The conditions of the expedition have much in common with the conditions of a tourist trip in terms of pedagogy, life support, and safety. But, based on the research specifics of expeditionary activities, there are certain differences. It is also important to be able to collect and record the necessary information about those processes and phenomena that are the topic of search and research work, about the materials identified and collected, to have the skills to account for and describe objects in the field, the ability to properly store and transport the collected local history materials.

For accounting and scientific description of the collected monuments of history and culture, other versatile information about them, field records and descriptions are used. These include the "Field diary", "Notebook for recording memories and stories", "Photofixation notebook", etc.

Local history materials accumulated as a result of search and research work can be used for thematic exhibitions, as expositions of school and local history museums, research works of schoolchildren.

The teachers of our institution have repeatedly made expeditions for research purposes: "Archaeological excavations on the territory of the YNAO", "Arkaim", by water along the rivers Pur, Taz "Archaeological expedition" Mangazeya ". The materials of the expeditions were used to design exhibitions, traveling expositions, as informational and educational material in the classes of associations of tourism and local history, photographic material was used to decorate the lobby.

To help teachers, methodological material was developed on the methodology of field ethnographic research, which was also introduced to the participants of the local history section at the local history museum of MBOU DOD DDT.

3. Activities of tourist and local history and biological and environmental orientation.

In our institution, during the academic year, events of a tourist-local history and biological-ecological orientation are held - “Initiation into tourists”, competitions “Games of the peoples of the North”, a month of local history “I am an Urengoyets! I am a resident of the YNAO!”, “Dad, mother, I am a tourist family”, the environmental project “Natural Fantasy”, the photo contest “Amazing in Nature”, city games on local history “I am an Urengoy! I am a resident of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug!”, the city Olympiad in local history “North without borders”, the purpose of which is to intensify the research and local history activities of students of educational institutions of the city of Novy Urengoy, exchange of experience in studying and preserving the historical and cultural heritage of the city and the district, identifying and supporting creative gifted children, improving the quality of educational activities of teachers, fostering a sense of love for the small Motherland, its cultural heritage.

Conclusion.

Tourism in its essence always contains an element of knowledge of the region. In any tourist trip, local history observations and research are carried out. Local history is one of the most important sources of expanding knowledge about the native land, fostering love for it, and forming citizenship among students. The objects of his study are socio-economic, political, historical and cultural development, natural features and geography of the region, city. The history of the native land is considered as part of national history, and local events as a manifestation of the laws of the historical process.

Tourist activity as a form of active recreation and additional education of children is useful for every child. Students not only develop physically, acquire healthy lifestyle skills, which in the conditions of living in the regions of the Far North is a priority for additional education, learn life support and survival techniques in extreme situations, in natural conditions. Being engaged in tourist activities, children and adolescents enrich themselves spiritually, intellectually, develop their cognitive activity, join the history of their small homeland, the country as a whole. Tourism plays an important role in strengthening family values. encourages you to study the history of your family, its genealogy, a map of the resettlement of relatives, traditions and customs of the family. Love for one's country begins with love for one's family, with love for one's small homeland. Knowledge of the native land, its nature, the peoples inhabiting its territory, their cultural characteristics foster a careful attitude to the heritage of the past, form a civic position, tolerance, and aesthetic feelings.

Literature

1. Galichenko I.M., Krivoruchko M.G. Methods of preparing and conducting excursions around the city. In the book: "Issues of mass scientific and educational work of museums". M., 1961 (Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR, Research Institute of Museum Studies).
2. Egorov S.B. Methods of field ethnographic research. St. Petersburg, 2006.
3. Kaplan M.A., Maksimov P.P. Principles and methods of expeditionary-gathering work. M., 1978.
4. Konstantinov Yu.S. Children and youth tourism. M., FTsDYUTiK, 2006.
5. Some tips for tour guides. Methodology for preparing and conducting excursions on architectural and urban planning topics. M., TsRIB "Tourist", 1971.

Innovative pedagogical project

"Tourist and local history activities as the basis for the socialization of the individual and the formation of a communication culture of students, in the conditions of a comprehensive school"

Target: the formation of a planetary outlook, the need for

A healthy lifestyle as the basis of mental and moral

Personal health

Pedagogical tasks:

• training, health improvement, vocational guidance, social adaptation through involvement in tourism and local history activities
• correction of shortcomings traditionally established in the education system; improving the relationship between teachers and students through tourism
• education of responsibility for oneself and others, mutual respect, moral and volitional qualities

1. Introduction

2.Main part:

2.1 system of tourist and local history activities at school:

Quality and quantity of tourism and local history activities

Activities aimed at the development of the tourist and local history system in a secondary school

2.2 social adaptation by means of tourism

2.3 maintaining and improving the physical and mental health of schoolchildren through tourism

2.4 education of morality in the lessons of tourism and after school hours

3. Dynamics of the effectiveness of the development of tourism and local history activities for the period from 2013 to 2015

4. Prospects for the development of tourism and local history activities

5. Literature

1. Introduction

According to the World Health Organization, “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” What does human health depend on? Medical scientists have proved that if we conditionally accept the level of health as 100%, then 20% depends on hereditary factors, 20% depends on external environmental conditions, i.e. ultimately from the environment, 10% - from the activities of the health system. What about the other 50%? They, as it turned out, depend on the person himself on the lifestyle that he leads. According to Academician N.A. Amosov “... to be healthy, you need your own efforts, constant and significant. Nothing can replace them."

Unfortunately, in the hierarchy of needs, the satisfaction of which is the basis of human behavior, health is far from being in the first place. This is especially true for young people who (as they themselves think) are still healthy. And therefore, the responsibility for their somatic, physical, mental and moral health lies entirely with the family and school. That is why this project is relevant, since a properly organized tourist and local history work in a secondary school can solve the problem (at least partially) of saving the health of the younger generation in the broad sense of the word.

Tourism activity solves a number of educational and educational tasks, because any kind of tourist travel from a simple excursion to a multi-day hike will certainly enrich a person with new information, develop his intellect. This property of tourism lies on the surface, it is obvious, indisputable and does not require proof. It is absolutely true that pedagogy primarily uses the information content of tourism. It is especially necessary to highlight the activation of the analytical abilities of students. Analytical thinking can develop only on the basis of a large stock of impressions and observations that provide material for comparison.

Regular occupations in tourism and local history form the spiritual image of a person, his character, life guidelines, attitude towards other people, towards nature, towards work, towards the Motherland. At the same time, there is an awakening of the aesthetic sense of beauty, an aesthetic attitude to the world around. To cultivate such feelings, vivid impressions are needed, which tourism provides in abundance. The richer the world surrounding the child, the richer and more diverse his personality.

The richness of impressions gives rise to a feeling of the fullness of life, the enjoyment of it. The opinion of the great Russian teacher K.D. Ushinsky “... call me a barbarian in pedagogy, but I learned from the impressions of my life a deep conviction that a beautiful landscape has such an educational influence on the development of a young soul, with which it is difficult to compete with the influence of a teacher, that a day spent by a child among groves and fields, when his a kind of intoxicating fog takes possession of his head, in the warm moisture of which his young heart opens up in order to carelessly and unconsciously absorb thoughts and germs of thoughts pouring from nature in a stream that such a day is worth many weeks spent on the training bench.

It is difficult to overestimate the health-improving value of tourism. What could be more natural than movement, physical labor in the natural environment! On tourist routes, the foundations of a healthy lifestyle and the desire for physical perfection are laid.

The impact on the mind, body and soul of a growing person cannot be carried out sequentially: first, polish one facet, then the other, and finally the third. The processing process goes in all directions at the same time, and this versatile, complex impact on the personality of the child is the main and unconditional advantage of pedagogically competently organized tourist and local history work.

At present, when the school has practically withdrawn from the upbringing of the younger generation, leaving itself only the function of education, tourism and local history activities can help close this gap. Moreover, the educational role of tourism lies not only in a beneficial effect on children, but also in the formation of more democratic, creative relationships between teachers and students, in the development of pedagogy of cooperation.

2.1 The system of tourist and local history activities at school

A teacher who knows tourism and loves it, first experiences delight, a state of euphoria from the magnificent pedagogical opportunities that open up in tourism. Having calmed down a little, the teacher begins to look at the matter more calmly. And ... asks the question: - "why am I alone?". How to tear educators away from their chairs - their main pedagogical platform?

Many are struggling with this issue - both administrators, and ordinary teachers, and employees of educational authorities, and figures in institutions of additional education. And in search of truth, enthusiasts of school tourism often use the term - the system of tourist and local history activities. What characterizes and what does the system look like - “this harmonious row”, this “whole, constituting a set of parts connected by a common function”? It is not specifically mentioned anywhere, but you cannot work without understanding the main thing.

Any system - a harmonious series of parts that form a whole - is characterized by the following categories:

• functional purpose (purpose);
• content and essence (what it consists of, what is the main content);
• qualitative and quantitative side;
• self-development (consistency, gradation, self-regulation);
• the "area" to which it applies (i.e. prevalence, coverage of objects).

In our case, the goal of creating a system of tourist and local history

activities, as we have already found out, iscreation of conditions for attracting as many students as possible to tourism as a means of educating a physically, mentally and morally healthy person.

The forms of work at school, which make up the content of tourism and local history activities, are: tourism lessons, excursions, walks, hikes, multi-day trips and expeditions, children's associations, clubs, competitions, rallies, competitions, exhibitions, museums, lessons, seminars, tourist camps, training camps, profile shifts. This variety of forms provides a comprehensive character in education, upbringing, health improvement, professional orientation.

Not all parts are equal. A group of six most important elements should be singled out: hikes, walks, excursions, expeditions, rallies, competitions. It is they who form the backbone, the main core of the content of tourism and local history activities.

But the essence of tourism work, its main link, the grain without which there is no tourism, is a trip. Only a hike is the most complex form of tourism, which allows one-time achievement of the goals that are set in tourism and local history activities.

Quality and quantity of tourism and local history activities

The qualitative side of tourism and local history activities can be easily determined by finding out what unsystematic is. This is obviously the destruction of the whole, the fragmentation of its parts, i.e. such a state of work when only separate parts are realized, only one or two, three forms out of many are used and without a productive connection between them.

For example, the school hosts hikes and tourist competitions, but there is no local history work, or vice versa - there is a stream on local history, a museum is being created, conferences are held, but there are almost no hikes or they go out of touch with local history, with search topics.

The concept of a tourism system must be approached dialectically, given that it must develop from scratch, passing through all stages of its development.

So we found out the qualitative side of the content of tourism and local history activities, now we need to understand the quantitative side of the matter.

How many hours are required for tourism at school?

This issue is better considered in relation to the dominant tourist and local history activities - hiking. In the order of the Ministry of Education No. 190, a soft slogan is written: “To make wider use of tourism, local history, excursions in the educational process. Conduct regular hikes and excursions. But what should be their regularity? The total number of trips conducted by the school does not fully determine the level of development of children's tourism in the school. There is no such direct proportional relationship: the more trips, the higher the level. There can be many hikes, but they are all one-day, sedate, here we can’t talk about a high level. Such indicators are a sure sign of the absence of sectional circle work in the school. Here, schoolchildren are deprived of prospects, they go on small trips from year to year, their skills, tourist experience do not grow, their tourist interests are artificially curtailed.

The reverse picture is often observed, when the school conducts hikes of high complexity and there are many of them, but even this picture does not fully reveal the level of tourism development at the school, because the usual situation is disguised in such indicators: one or two teachers intensively go on hikes with their classes (circles ), and no one else is walking. The actual enrollment of students is 30-40 people. It is clear that there is no mass tourist work at the school.

The main thing in determining the quantitative side of the matter: we need a complex - the number, diversity and coverage of children by trips. The higher the coverage, the higher the level of development of the system of tourism and local history activities.

Of course, every child needs tourism, but to a different extent. Here it is necessary to divide tourism into two branches: small tourism (mass tourism) and large tourism (amateur tourism).

• "small tourism" - for a large number of students;
• "big tourism"- for a small number of students.

A balance of mass and amateur tourism is needed. Both directions are closely interconnected, complement and mutually support each other: mass tourism feeds amateur tourism, and qualified tourists strengthen and develop mass tourism.

Everything is good in moderation. It is necessary to go from children, from their interests, hobbies, inclinations. It is necessary to understand what is the attitude of real schoolchildren to tourism and local history. I will cite the data of a sociological survey I conducted, after the first one-day trip in groups of classes from 5th to 7th (137 people), four groups are clearly visible in them. However, the first even before the campaign reveals itself.

And here are the results of the same group of students after a year and a half of work at the school of the tourist circle for groups of classes and the introduction of tourism lessons into the educational process, as the third hour in physical education.

Is this not the real result of the work on the prevention of neglect and delinquency. In our school, at the moment, students from the second to the ninth grade are covered by a class-lesson form of tourism classes, tourism lessons are conducted as the third hour of physical education. According to the curriculum, in autumn and spring, off-site lessons are held in orienteering and tourism techniques.

The "production" of tourism must be balanced with its "consumption", more precisely, with the needs of students. But it should be remembered that with an increase in the level of tourist and local history work, the need for tourism also increases in children - appetite comes with eating. The interests of children are rapidly developing: for some, a one-day trip is enough, and for some, for the first category of difficulty, give the second, so tourist associations should work at the school - an important component of the system of tourism and local history activities, without it it is impossible to build an integral system and therefore fully implement the idea of ​​the widespread use of tourism and local history in the educational process.

Schools should pay special attention to the most ardent supporters of tourism and organize them into associations in which future sportsmen, instructors, organizers and propagandists of tourism will grow up. The asset of avid tourists is a catalyst for the formation of tourism and local history activities; without it, the system will suffocate with stagnation.

The work of the circle should be designed for several years. One of the main long-term tasks of the association is the education of a tourist asset - instructors, guides, judges, guides. The asset undertakes the maintenance of class tourism and school-wide tourist and local history events, i.e. "production" of tourism.

Not every schoolchildren comes to the association in order to help the leader in educating the youth. Children come to the association to have fun, and each to his own. They come to "consume" tourism, "production" is of little interest to them. The task of the teacher is to gradually form deeper interests, to help the children formulate the goal of the common cause, which should be born in the team itself, and not be brought from the outside in finished form.

In the work of the association, it is important to properly organize search and research activities: collecting information about the proposed travel area, studying documents, maps. The result of the hike can be an exhibition, an exposition, an ecological trail. Children need to develop sportsmanship, that is, the ability to overcome natural obstacles in hikes, difficult technical distances in competitions.

An indicator of skill are badges and ranks, titles. Encouraging the desire for the heights of tourist sportsmanship, one should celebrate not the victories and categories themselves, but what stands behind them: overcoming oneself, diligence, perseverance, perseverance. Develop a cult of useful activity, good deeds.

Collective victories are very important both for the group in general and for each child in particular. This affects the cohesion of the group. This is not only psychological compatibility, friendship, it is a safety factor, both in the sense of the absence of conflicts, and in the sense of passing difficult sections on the route.

It is very important that the achievements of the school tourism association be known at school, it works not only for the authority of the team and the leader, but also encourages the desire to achieve the heights of tourism mastery, fosters contempt for empty rest, bivouac decay.

Activities aimed at development

tourist and local history system in a secondary school

1. Organizational direction

• TKD planning.
• Preparation and conduct of school-wide affairs (mass trips, rallies, competitions, excursions, conferences, tourist holidays, etc.).
• Registration of badges, ranks, categories.
• Communication with organizations and institutions.
• Work on the creation and use of the material base.
• Accounting for tourism work.

2. Campaign direction

• Issue of wall newspapers, posters, leaflets on TKD issues
• The study of public opinion among schoolchildren, parents, teachers.
• Conduct class discussions.

3. Educational and methodological direction

• Creation of a tourist office or a methodical corner.
• Collection and maintenance of the library.
• Creation and work of associations of young tourists.
• Personnel training.
• Development of manuals, manuals.

4. Local history direction

• Preparation (reconnaissance of routes) of hikes and excursions.
• Creation of a fund of topographic maps.
• Shooting movies and videos, slides.
• Creation of a local history corner.
• Acquisition of a library of reports on conducted campaigns.
• Development of tasks for participants of campaigns and expeditions.
• Checking the readiness of groups for trips

2.2 Social adaptation through tourism

In the process of tourism and local history activities, the sphere of communication of students is expanding, the acquisition of social interaction skills, the accumulation of positive behavioral experience, and favorable conditions are created for the formation of moral qualities of a person. First of all, it is collectivism, responsibility, mutual assistance and mutual assistance.

An important advantage of active forms of tourism and local history activities is to overcome the gap between knowledge about the norms of behavior and the practice of applying them in a hostel. In a tourist trip, the gap between ideological and moral ideas and the practice of behavior is eliminated, the formation of moral convictions becomes more effective, since the activity is accompanied by the proper educational impact, and the accumulation of positive experience of behavior occurs in the process of useful activity.

Pedagogical theory knows how important one's own experience is for the education of the mind and character. But very often pedagogical practice does not want to risk its reputation. For her, calm forms of work that do not require unnecessary trouble and risk are preferable, and she leaves priority to the verbal method of raising children. Although the educational role of conversations and films, lessons of courage and meetings with interesting people, trainings and evenings is not small, they cannot give the desired results, because here everything is verbal, bookish, and is not supported by one's own experience of self-action. Raising patriotism, courage and courage only in this way, we can get the opposite result, when, according to A.S. Makarenko "... you bring up a cynical observer, for whom someone else's feat is only an object for staring."

A camping trip allows each participant to be placed in unique, from the point of view of education, conditions, when abstract ideas

the norms of the hostel acquire a very specific rigidly conditioned reality. Here, in a natural way, a very important environment for teachers arises - responsible interdependence. Understanding the elementary universal rules of interdependence of people from the field of abstract knowledge moves to the field of concrete actions. The personality of the child is enriched with an understanding of himself as a specific person, capable of causing other people joy or misfortune by his actions.

Modern schoolchildren are constantly in the position of wards. But science has proven the opposite: for a full-fledged development, a person necessarily needs a deficit of life's blessings, some discomfort in living conditions.

The need arises only in a situation of high tension, between needs and opportunities, in a situation of deprivation. This is where that valuable situation for pedagogy arises, when a person needs (really needs!), But in order to satisfy the need, he must work. In the difficult conditions of camp life, in a situation of deprivation of the usual comfort, work becomes the only means of satisfying the numerous “musts”. Unfortunately, the label “the best vacation” has long stuck to tourism. Meanwhile, children's tourism is a magnificent, miraculous means of educating industriousness. During the campaign, the children actually enter into a kind of new socio-economic formation, where everyone quickly understands: in order to live, one must work. In fact, this is a team for the production of their own life's goods, but not for the sake of the goods themselves, but in the name of achieving common goals, voluntarily set and agreed upon among themselves.

Examples of acquired skills in practical classes or on hikes

The world opens up to a child in all its diversity only if he is given the opportunity to make decisions on the basis of his knowledge, his life experience and bear responsibility for them. V. P. Vakhterov at the beginning of the 20th century derived a clear formula: “A student develops when he himself acts. And thinks, and feels, and acts. Remove at least one link from here, and development will disappear, and degeneration will begin.

The right to decide is a binding right. Each decision entails responsibility, the decision maker understands that there is a possibility of error. And a person is accustomed to self-control and balance, to the verification of ideas by practice.

A person is known to the end, in the hour of deprivation. But this minute, this moment is the beginning of something new. This hour of testing is a stage in the development of man. At this moment, it is created by circumstances - it crystallizes, polishes, develops in one direction or another.

Tourist and local history activity is an effective preventive measure of deviant behavior of students, which in today's socio-economic conditions is manifested in the mass phenomena of drug addiction, substance abuse, alcoholism, dromania.

2.3 Improving the physical and mental health of schoolchildren through tourism

Currently, it is customary to distinguish four components of health:

1. Somatic - the state of human organs and systems;
2. Physical - the level of growth and development of organs and systems of the body - the basis of which is morphological and functional reserves;
3. mental health- the state of the mental sphere, - the basis of which is the state of spiritual comfort. This state is due to both biological and social needs, as well as the ability to satisfy them;
4. moral health- a complex of characteristics of the motivational and need-informative spheres of life, the basis of which is the system of values, attitudes and motives for the behavior of an individual in society. It is associated with universal human concepts of goodness, love and beauty.

In a simplified and at the same time in a generalized form, we can assume that the criteria for health are:

• for somatic and physical health - I can;
• for the mental I want
• for the moral I must.

How are these components of health implemented in tourism classes?

Any tourist and local history activity involves serious physical activity. The optimal mode of physical activity, the beneficial effects of nature, compliance with the rules of hygiene, rational nutrition - all this contributes to the physical development of schoolchildren.

Factors of constant movement, physical activity in combination with natural factors plus the factor of discomfort, the need to be content with little, endure inconvenience, deprivation - these are the usual components of a hiking trip. The conditions of the trip do not allow the body to relax, mobilize it, open up opportunities that the child did not even suspect before. In the campaign, the geographic environment acts as a rival, nature itself becomes the main assistant to the teacher in educating the physical qualities of the student. Regardless of his consciousness and desire, the thermoregulatory apparatus is trained, the body's defenses are stimulated, and sensitivity to the harmful effects of the external environment is reduced. Prolonged exposure to fresh air increases metabolic processes, acts on the vessels and nerves of the skin, stimulates brain activity, improves heart function, and increases the overall tone of the body.

On the basis of 4 years of observation of students involved in tourism in the classroom and after school hours, the facts of improving well-being, increasing the volume of the chest, reducing the frequency of breathing and increasing the backbone are confirmed. An analysis of the initial and repeated data showed that the volume of the lungs in boys increased by 100 mm, in girls - by 120 mm.

At a superficial glance, it seems that the passage of the intended route is an "empty step" that has nothing to do with the intellectual development of a person. But this is not so either. Another founder of the scientific system of physical education in Russia, P.F. Lesgaft proved that mental development is directly related to his physical development, physical movement and thought are directly dependent.

When modern pedagogy realizes the importance of physical movements for the development of the mind, then it will receive in tourism a new, more powerful means of influencing the development of the student. “Only a wide and versatile life of the body in all the variety of its perceptions that it delivers to the brain can give a wide and energetic life to the brain itself,” wrote V. Veresaev.

It is impossible to argue with the fact that hiking, excursions, outdoor training have a huge psychotherapeutic effect. Even one-day hikes relieve nervous tension, psychophysical functioning is restored, the body easily accepts physical, intellectual and emotional stress.

More than once, teachers have heard that on Monday after a one-day hike, even the most motoric of children “become somehow different, look more calm and reasonable.”

Vivid impressions and positive emotions are also important, with which tourist trips are saturated: what delight the guys get from the snow in the July heat, and the clouds under their feet.

As noted above, the mental health of an individual depends on the ability to meet needs. The mass school is focused on meeting the cognitive need. While the activity of the child is organized as the satisfaction of many other leading needs of self-development of the individual.

A.A. Ukhtomsky defines activities, including tourism and local history, as a testing ground for successful, productive independent activities in the entire spectrum of personal needs. Tourist and local history activities provide practical training for independence, experience of success and convince the child of the great possibilities of his personality. The child develops a positive “I am a concept” (I am able, I am capable, I am needed, I create, I am free, I choose).

Tourist and local history activities have a lot of opportunities to meet the needs of the individual, both social and spiritual. Tourism enables the child to realize his many "self".

• Self-improvement - through work and sports training;
• Self-affirmation - through victory over an opponent;
• Self-respect - through victory over yourself;
• Self-expression - through creativity, love, beauty;
• Self-determination - through the study of oneself and the world around;
• Independence - through freedom, independence;
• Self-realization - through the achievement of goals through the use of one's potential, all the possibilities received from nature and acquired in experience.

The mechanism of needs is so great that if they are not satisfied in the progressive sphere of development, then they turn to the negative (antisocial behavior, the desire for power, money, fame, even through deceit, etc.).

2.4 Education of morality in the lessons of tourism and after school hours

In a campaign, expedition, at competitions, the objective conditions of reality create real opportunities for the formation of conscious behavior of a sense of responsibility and duty. Objective conditions make it possible to form moral convictions in their highest manifestation - the unity of the intellect, emotions, feelings, behavior and activity.

When a children's hiking group moves away from civilization. The participants of the campaign very quickly come to the understanding that now they can only rely on their own strength and the help of their comrades, and their childish carelessness as if removed. Each of the guys understands that the well-being of the whole group, and each one individually, depends on the actions of each of them.. In autonomous conditions, cooperation becomes a necessary means of survival. Discipline in a campaign is not blind obedience, but a conscious, active desire of each participant to fulfill his duty to the team. Social significance, common goals and objectives of the team cement relations in the group. If the school forms moral relations, then tourist and local history activities serve as the basis for fixing them in actions. The campaign reveals the main moral aspect of a growing person - a combination of personal and collective. Here such moral and volitional qualities as honesty, courage, determination, discipline, organization, adherence to principles, kindness, responsiveness and comradeship are tested.

The study of the native land, local history observations and research, bring up love for the motherland. Is it because many of our compatriots are striving to leave their homeland because they do not know it. Properly organized tourism makes it possible to develop the aesthetic tastes of schoolchildren, their sense and understanding of beauty, contributes to the formation of patriotism, a high sense of citizenship.

An integral part of tourism and local history work is environmental education, which begins with communication with nature. This is a complex psychological process. K.D. Ushinsky wrote: "... in a person's love for his native places, a deep, full, thoughts and feelings voice of his native nature is manifested." Nature awakens humane feelings and aspirations in children, teaches them to perceive the harmony of life. In 2014, the school became a city experimental platform for environmental education and education of students, as part of the work on the experiment, tourism and local history work is given the leading role.

Dynamics of the effectiveness of the development of the system of tourist and local history work at school for the period from 2013 to 2015

In nature, there is not a single object or phenomenon that would be at rest - everything is in development. And any system, including the system of work, must develop and be dynamic, otherwise it will gradually die.

Yu.S. Konstantinov, director of the Federal Central Children's and Youth Theater Institute, offers the following system for assessing tourism and local history activities at school:

mass tourism

Amateur tourism

In accordance with this level system, at the moment the system of development of tourism work at school can be attributed to the average level, both in the field of mass and amateur tourism, while in 2011 it was at a low level.The positive dynamics can be seen most clearly since 2013, which was affected byimprovement of MTB, the introduction of tourism lessons into the school curriculum, a system for conducting weekend hikes.

For the successful continuation of the development of the system of tourism and local history activities, it is necessary to develop external relations of school tourism with various institutions and organizations: territorial centers for children and youth tourism, museums, societies, environmental and environmental organizations, newspaper editorial offices, higher educational institutions, various societies and clubs.For a number of years, our school has been successfully and productively cooperating with the Regional Center for Tourism Ecology and Local Lore and its branch in Pyatigorsk, where training sessions are held in tourist equipment and orienteering, and active recreation for children is organized. In 2014, 16 weekend hikes were held, 3 multi-day hikes, of which two hikes of the II degree of complexity and one hike of the I category of complexity in the Western Caucasus, 8 school competitions in tourist equipment, orienteering, rock climbing. The work, organized in this way, brought its results:

Team second place in the competition "Multi-day hiking trip" at the gathering of young tourists-local historians of the Stavropol Territory

Team second place in the competition "Orienteering" at the gathering of young tourists-local historians of the Stavropol Territory

Victory in the individual championship (II and III places) in competitions for the Cup of the Stavropol Territory in orienteering

prospects

A sign of a high degree of development of the system of tourist and local history activities is its openness - going beyond the school. This is work in the city system. Cooperation with other schools, institutions of additional education, holding tourist meetings for schoolchildren and teachers, organizing competitions, conferences, summer tourist camps, seminars, training courses and activists.

We have more work to do!

Tourism as a social phenomenon first appeared as a separate type of social activity in the late 17th - early 18th centuries. in educational institutions in England, France, Germany, Austria and other countries, when, in the study of certain subjects, teachers began to use walking tours and trips to the neighborhood in their work with students. These simplest forms of travel are called excursions. The great Slavic teacher Ya.A. Comenius (1592-1670) demanded the inclusion of outdoor games and travel in the system of education and upbringing of children and adolescents. Interest in travel is closely connected with the development of local history. The beginning of local history research in Russia dates back to the era of transformations (the beginning of the 18th century) and is associated with the Decree of Peter I of February 12, 1718, which ordered to report to the tsar about all curious finds and reward those who discover them. Information about the past of villages, cities, etc. entered the local and all-Russian annals, as well as other written sources. One of the first organizers of excursion work with children and tourism was the Decembrist I.D. Yakushkin. While working at school, he practiced summer hikes and excursions to study the surrounding nature.

During the Great Patriotic War, the tourist and excursion activities of schoolchildren were aimed at helping the front and rear. In 1942, a new type of children's institutions were created in the Moscow region and in the Yaroslavl region - school tent camps. In Moscow by the summer of 1946. they were organized by 84 schools. The main purpose of the school tent camps was the collection of useful wild plants, primarily medicinal herbs, for the needs of the front. In addition, trips were organized to the places of battles: schoolchildren collected materials about the battles, recorded the biographical data of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War. The guys worked on the collective farm and state farm fields, helped the families of veterans, war invalids. This is how the idea of ​​socially useful activity in children's tourism was embodied.

In the post-war years, public education authorities continued to pay great attention to children's tourism. At the All-Russian Conference on Public Education (1945), a special out-of-school section was created. The materials she published emphasized the great importance of out-of-school work on tourism, recommended Palaces and Pioneer Houses, orphanages, schools and other school and out-of-school children's institutions to widely use tourist and local history activities as a means of educational and health work with students. Significant work on the development of children's tourism was carried out by the Central Children's Excursion and Tourist Station under the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR.

Despite the revival of school tourism activities, the forms and methods of organizing work with young tourists were imperfect. On May 10, 1954, a letter from the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR (No. 61-M) was issued, in which it was noted that in recent years certain successes had been achieved in organizing mass tourist and excursion-local history work with children, but many departments of public education underestimate its importance. The letter pointed out that in each OBLONO and RAYONO there should be persons responsible for conducting excursion and tourist work, and the heads of seven-year and ten-year schools are obliged to single out organizers of tourist and excursion-local history work with students from among the teachers. It was proposed to organize seminars for teachers and pioneer leaders - leaders of campaigns and excursions around their native land. The letter contained an approximate program for the organization of tourist activities for students, requirements for the leader of the trip, and played a significant role in intensifying tourist work with children in schools and out-of-school institutions. It was the first methodologically substantiated material for teachers - leaders of children's tourism.

The training program for leaders of school trips and excursions included such issues of tourist and local history work as the actual tourist activity (preparation for the campaign of equipment, food, use of means of transport, choosing a place to rest, making a fire, setting up a tent, etc.), and educating participants in the campaign (inculcating a sense of cohesion, discipline, skills of cultural behavior in public places, the implementation of sanitary and hygienic rules, etc.) The program laid the foundations of education through tourism activities. The disadvantage of the program was that the leaders of children's tourism were not focused on its unlimited possibilities in the field of aesthetic, labor education and polytechnic education. The program also did not indicate the need to use tourism as an important means of individual influence on the upbringing and re-education of schoolchildren.

The further development of school tourism and local history was facilitated by trips to places of military and labor glory of the Soviet people. The Central Children's Excursion and Tourist Station and the Pionerskaya Pravda newspaper organized the All-Union Expedition of Pioneers and Schoolchildren in honor of the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution of 1917. USSR and Soviet youth - abroad and in the USSR.

More and more teachers began to use tourism as an effective means of educating schoolchildren. It was on this principle that the remarkable teacher V.A. Sukhomlinsky (1918-1970). The numerous walks he organized with children were educational in nature, they were lessons in humanism. “Real moral education is impossible without emotional education,” wrote V. A. Sukhomlinsky. Sukhomlinsky V.A. I give my heart to children. - Kiev, 1971. - S. 196.

An important role in the development of tourism and excursions in subsequent years was played by the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions dated May 30, 1969 No. 411 “On measures for the further development of tourism and excursions in the country”. The main provisions of this document were specified in the decisions and resolutions of a number of ministries and departments. Thus, in the resolution of the collegium of the Ministry of Education of the USSR and the Committee of Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated November 19, 1969, it was said that tourism is a means of education, health promotion, active recreation and introducing schoolchildren to systematic physical education and sports.

In 1970, the Ministry of Education of the USSR created the Central Children's Expeditionary Tourist Station, which led the tourist work with children. Adopted jointly by the Secretariat of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, the Collegium of the USSR Ministry of Culture, the Presidium of the Central Committee of DOSAAF, the Presidium of the Soviet Committee of War Veterans in 1971, the Regulations on the All-Union campaign of Komsomol members and youth to places of revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people strengthened the mass patriotic movement aimed to educate young men and women of ideological conviction, increase social and labor activity, readiness for the defense of the Motherland and the gains of socialism. The content of the All-Union campaign was enriched by patriotic activities (patronage of war invalids, veterans of the revolution and labor, construction of monuments and memorial signs, etc.) and socially useful activities (nature conservation, etc.). under the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League of the Union republics, Komsomol committees of regional committees, regional committees, district committees, city committees, district committees, industrial enterprises, institutions, educational institutions, collective farms and state farms. The results of the All-Union campaign were summarized at all-Union competitions held before all-Union rallies, for participation in which the winners of republican competitions were delegated.

A characteristic feature of the intensification of local history tourism work in schools was the creation of local history museums, the importance of which in educational work with students has increased significantly. The material collected by young tourists and local historians was widely used by teachers in the lessons of history, social science, literature, geography, and biology. The school museum became the venue for pioneer lines, Komsomol meetings, meetings with veterans, and thematic conferences. In local history circles, a systematic study of the native land (village, city) was organized. Tourist and excursion-local history work in out-of-school children's institutions has become more active. In the Houses of Pioneers, tourist and local history circles and sections were created, groups of young tourists-local historians were organized. By participating in campaigns, excursions and expeditions, collecting materials for school museums, students were enriched with new knowledge, got to know life more deeply, studied the history, nature and economy of their native land, mastered the necessary labor skills. Of great interest were the attempts of teams of children's excursion and tourist stations to develop methodological and pedagogical manuals with exemplary curricula for tourism. The manuals widely covered the sports, research, educational and health aspects of school tourism, discussed in detail the issues of tourist equipment (preparation of equipment, setting up a tent, making a fire) and orientation (moving in azimuth, reading a map, etc.).

In the 1970s - early 80s, many interesting scientific and methodological works devoted to children's tourism appeared. The collection of programs “Tourism and Local History” (M., “Prosveshchenie”, 1982) for out-of-school institutions and general education schools should be singled out, which made it possible to conduct planned and systematic local history work in circles and sections. A great help for the organizers of children's tourism was the book "The ABC of Tourism" (K.V. Bardin), which revealed the technical side of hiking. The book went through several editions and was in great demand among employees of general education schools and out-of-school institutions.

Thus, scientific, popular science and instructive and methodological literature, as well as advanced pedagogical practice, show that tourism was considered as one of the effective means of the comprehensive development of children, adolescents, and youth. This found expression in a number of Decrees of the Communist Party and the government of the USSR, in the documents of public education bodies, wide coverage of tourism issues in the press, intensification of scientific research on the problems of children's tourism, and an increase in the coverage of schoolchildren by its various types and forms.

At the same time, amateur forms of tourist and excursion activities remained a weak link. The lack of methodological material did not allow to fully solve the problems of organizing educational and recreational work in the tourist activities of students of various age groups.

From the end of the 1970s to the beginning of the 1980s, tourism and local history work in elementary school began to intensify in a number of regions, based on an integrated approach to the educational process. Such forms of tourist rallies-competitions as the Control-Combined Route (KKM) and the Control-Tourist Route (KTM) have become widespread, where active tourism was combined with cognitive activity and elements of the ideological, political and moral education of schoolchildren.

A significant role in the development of children's tourism was developed in 1977 by the USSR Ministry of Education of the Regulations on the republican, regional, regional and district stations of young tourists (SUTUR), which indicated that they (stations) are instructive, methodological and organizational centers of tourist, local history and excursion work with schoolchildren. In the early 1980s, considerable attention was paid to military-patriotic topics in the tourist and local history work. The All-Union expedition “Chronicle of the Great Patriotic War”, operations “Duty”, “Memory Watch”, etc. were organized.

In the course of the school reform that began in the 1990s, some extracurricular institutions of a specialized nature were abolished, while others were merged. However, thanks to the actions of the leadership of the Office of Extracurricular Activities of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, renamed the Office of Additional Education and the active position of the public, this process was stopped.

During this period, a series of books and magazines devoted to youth tourism and local history were published, methods and programs for the development of youth tourism were developed. The programs “Young Tourism Judges” (Yu.S. Konstantinov), “Young Tourism Instructors” (A.G. Maslov), “School of Tourist Leaders” (V.M. Kulikov and L.M. Rotshtein) became especially significant. , “A powerful means of personality development” (A.A. Ostapets), “All life is a campaign” (V.Ya. Dyakhterev), etc.

Scientific and practical conferences on the problems of children's tourism and school local history began to be held. Some universities have introduced the course "Children's and youth tourism and local history". In the late 1990s, the first graduates graduated - social pedagogues and organizers of youth tourism.

The Moscow Academy of Children and Youth Tourism and Local History was established, its highest award, the Golden Compass, was established for achievements in the science and practice of youth tourism. Campaigns, excursions, expeditions, local history conferences dedicated to significant dates have become massive. Particular attention was paid to holding mass rallies and competitions.

A big event was the opening of a postgraduate course at the Russian International Academy of Tourism (RMAT), headed by Professor V.A. Kvartalnov, where over the past two years more than 20 teachers working with children in the field of tourism and local history have defended their thesis.

Since 1991, the Experimental Center for Children and Youth Tourism and Excursions "Rodina" began to conduct an experimental check of the loads during walks of children of older preschool age (5-7 years old), and since 1998 - to check the loads of children of younger preschool age (3-4 years old). of the year). The first results confirmed the hypothesis that familiarization of children with the surrounding "small" world is the most important element of their early development, which should not be underestimated. The preschooler is “closer to the ground”, to the objects around him. He will notice and be surprised at any small detail of nature, to which a teenager, and even more so a young man, will not pay attention. A high school student, as they say, "does not see trees beyond the forest."

So, a retrospective analysis of the development of children's tourism shows that in the Soviet and Russian general education schools, the tourist and local history activities of students were considered and are considered as one of the effective means of educating the younger generation. This is reflected both in practice and in scientific research. Currently, a lot of work in this direction is being carried out by the Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Education, pedagogical institutes, universities, the Ministry of Education of Russia and the Center for Children's and Youth Tourism and Excursions operating under it, as well as numerous tourist stations and centers for children's tourism.

Sections: Sports at school and children's health

Introduction

In the 21st century, education, the upbringing of a new healthy generation, able to live and work in the new century, the century of education, culture, spirituality, new technologies, acquires special relevance and significance, in order to live and work with dignity, to achieve certain heights in life, a person must be healthy. Health is the most important value of a person. The ancient Greeks already knew this truth. The father of medicine, Hippocrates, was one of the first in history to proclaim a direct connection between physical culture, education and health. He emphasized that one who does not harden his body is doomed to "delicacy of the muscles and dullness of the mind." Today, more than ever, the issue of the "health of the people" is acute. The concept itself has also changed radically. Previously, when talking about health, it was associated only with medical care, with the protection of human health. At present, the concepts of "healthy person", "healthy nation" have expanded their meaning, covering both the spiritual and physical development of a person. The problem of educating a healthy generation has been declared a matter of national importance in our country. The President of our Republic, Mikhail Nikolaev, proclaimed the idea:
“Through the health of society and each of us - to the well-being and prosperity of the republic” and stressed that “health is an invaluable national wealth and property of society. Strengthening the health of the population, the formation of a healthy lifestyle are becoming the most important task, by solving which, society is moving forward to new frontiers of development.” In the implementation of this doctrine, the role of physical culture is invaluable. Stronger, healthier, smarter and more perfect is the one who willingly gives himself to the power of the movement.
Tourism is one of the most widespread and accessible forms of physical culture. It is my deep conviction that tourism is the most massive form of active recreation and health improvement, one of the most important means of education. It has many positive properties.
Firstly, tourist routes take us to fresh air. Scientists have long established that fresh air is very rich in negative nons, which have the ability to quickly and effectively relieve fatigue. Hiking is a movement, physical activity that has the most beneficial effect on the human body. A trained person does not get tired so quickly, his performance is always increased
Secondly, the silence of the forest, the expanse of fields, the aroma and colors of the forest - all the diversity of the beauties of native nature, make you forget about everyday affairs and worries, liberate the nervous system.
Finally, tourism is the prevention of lack of spirituality, emotional poverty and various offenses. It solves the problem of children's employment, allows them to rationally use their free time, organically combine leisure with educational activities.
I know firsthand about the benefits of tourism. He began to get involved in tourism while still a student at the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute. As part of an institute team, he traveled the forests of the Smolensk region on foot, kayaking along the rivers of the region. And the hardening gained from hiking helps in my profession. In my teaching practice, I widely use tourism and not just tourism, but with elements of studying my native land. Our ulus has a beautiful nature. Taking walks during hiking trips to the picturesque places of their ulus, children learn the history of their region, their small homeland.
Thus, combining in my teaching practice, sports and tourism and local history activities, I pursue three goals:
educational, health and educational. Naturally, no clear line can be drawn between them. But all together they help students grow physically and spiritually, help them to know the world around them, themselves, during hiking trips they learn to overcome various difficulties, temper themselves physically, study their native land, appreciate friendship, care and help of a friend, and spend their free time usefully. . I think that those who did not experience the joy of hiking have lost a lot:
to be in constant motion, discovering all the new beauties of nature, to sleep in tents, in the open air, to sing songs by the fire. This is much more useful than aimlessly wandering the streets or gathering in the evenings at the entrances. The organization of tourist trips, solving the problems of employment of children, especially during vacation time, is one of the most accessible and mass methods of promoting a healthy lifestyle: a child from childhood, who has known the beauty of the world around him in a group of friends and like-minded people and strengthened his health during hiking trips, will not be involved in dubious companies, will look to the future with confidence.

I. History of tourism and features of amateur tourism.

Tourism is the most widespread form of active recreation and recreation, one of the most important means of educating the younger generation.
It is noteworthy that the very history of the origin of tourism is connected with children, with the school. Its origin as a social phenomenon dates back to the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century, when schoolchildren in some European countries began to make walking “walks in nature. But it took about another two centuries for the tourist activity to turn from walks and short mountain trips into a well-organized movement.
In the 70s of the nineteenth century, walking began to be used in school education in Russia as well. One of the first in its pedagogical practice, they were applied by the Alexander Teacher's School in Tiflis. Since 1885, the Kiev-Pechersk gymnasium began to travel along the Dnieper and other places in Russia. Since the 90s, other educational institutions have begun to regularly participate in various travels. Some teachers quite systematically used tourism and local history activities with students. However, its very construction resembled an ordinary walk, an excursion, the main purpose of which was a contemplative perception of the surrounding world. We see a deeper relationship with this activity among the great teachers of the past, who began with J. Comenius, Zh-Zh. Russo, Kd. Ushinsky, who considered excursions, visibility of the surrounding world one of the most important principles of pedagogy.
According to the nature of the organization, tourism is divided into planned and amateur tourism. Planned flights are carried out according to a route previously developed and prepared by some organization, with the provision of all kinds of services and accommodation at special bases and hotels. This type of tourism is carried out by special tourist organizations. In my practice, I use amateur tourism, so I will focus more on this type of tourism.
The organization of amateur tourism is based mainly on the principles of self-sufficiency and self-service, i.e. in amateur travel, tourists are on full self-service, they themselves solve all issues related to choosing a route, providing equipment
development of a motion schedule. This does not mean. that an amateur tourist is completely out of control. It is quite organized, operates according to the developed route and traffic schedule, includes various competitions, local history work. Amateur tourism contributes to the improvement of the body, has great cognitive value, actively influences the comprehensive development of the individual and his moral qualities, instills a sense of self-affirmation in the conditions of struggle with difficulties, with the elemental forces of nature.

II. Tourist and local history activities of students

As a teacher, I use amateur tourism as an extra-curricular form of study in my teaching activities.
The purpose of extracurricular activities is to deepen knowledge based on the interests and inclinations of students, achieve a higher level of development of motor abilities, moral qualities, and consolidate the habit of exercising regularly.
Having adopted tourism and local history activities in my work since 1986, I try to combine three main blocks: educational, educational and recreational.
Let's consider each block separately.

2.1. The educational block is educational in nature.

Tourist local history helps to study the history, economy, labor activity, life and culture of the population, organize search work, explore nature and focuses on the study of those features that are due to the location of objects or phenomena within the boundaries of a certain, as a rule, small area along the tourist route. It expands the horizons of students by means of visual subject knowledge of the world around them, as if in a spiral: from their native “nest”, native land to the Fatherland and further to other countries. This principle of cognition of the surrounding world is associated with the physical, physiological and mental capabilities of children. The most important principle in the approach to this activity is the principle of complexity, a holistic impact on the personality of the child. This is especially important in the initial period of acquaintance and development of children's interest in tourism and local history activities. Tourist and local history work is a tool that develops a special lifestyle, which is based on a healthy lifestyle. It is very important to instill in a child an interest in tourism and local history activities as early as possible and it is much easier to achieve this through knowledge of the world around, through the beauty of nature, through visual knowledge of the natural world.
I connect my program of the educational block of tourist and local history activities with the topics of geography and biology. Such a connection provides ample opportunities to supplement, deepen the educational and health-improving shortcomings in the study of school subjects.
I am convinced that any topic of biology and geography lessons can be successfully mastered when it is supplemented with real pictures of the surrounding world, and not driven into a class-lesson system and built, like all other subjects, within the walls of the school. My little experience in tourism and local history confirms this. As soon as the work begins to be built in the process of extracurricular activities, which include the parents of students, the picture changes. In this case, each student, with the help of a parent and teacher, is prepared in advance for the perception of natural objects and participates in the educational process himself, introducing his group to one of the natural objects and receiving information from the others. Such a practical assimilation of the course of geography and biology gives a significant effect. And tourism acts as an important form of moral, labor, physical education based on the development of amateur performance and self-government, the formation of an active life position of the participants in the campaign.

2.2. The educational block of tourism and local history activities is the most important and has several directions.

In the field of socio-political education, this is the development of an active life position, the development of skills and habits of social behavior.
In the field of labor education, this is the development of self-service skills, respect for physical labor, the cultivation of intransigence to lepi, the ability to carry out assigned work at the lowest cost.
In the field of moral education, this is the education of conscious discipline, respect for public property, a sense of friendship, camaraderie, unity of word and deed, collectivism, a culture of relationships between people, between the team and the individual, the ability to subordinate personal interests to the public.
In the field of physical education, this is strengthening the health of hikers by overcoming difficulties, forming a healthy lifestyle, and taking responsibility for their own health.
As you can see, the tasks that tourism solves in the field of education are very wide and varied. And, perhaps, the most important thing is the complexity of these forms of education, their organic unity and optimal combination in travel conditions, due to which the highest educational and health-improving effect is achieved.
The experience of working with students has shown that adolescents and even young men perceive the laws of moral behavior better if they are “framed” in the form of laws, rules, commandments, in the form of a code of their conduct. Moreover, the introduction of these laws, norms and commandments should go gradually by the decision of the guys themselves, who themselves create this code of honor.
In a tourist walk or excursion to nature, when the silence of the forest, the beauty of the path, glades pacify the child excited by the school, family, yard, it is much easier to carry out any educational influence.
Issues of discipline and culture of behavior are easily solved by the fire on a camping trip, and later these skills are developed and consolidated in constant communication outside of tourist events. But the first impetus to establish a special style of relations is easier to accept in the conditions of the autonomous existence of the team, when the group feels the greatest cohesion, interdependence, when everyone goes to interaction, mutual assistance is more interested, easy without external coercion.
For example: before going on a hike, he set the following tasks for the guys: watch your speech, especially when addressing each other, so that rude words do not appear, so that you call each other only by their first names, and not by their last names. In fact, even such a specific educational task turned out to be not so simple for the children. After the trip, the guys themselves analyzed with great interest how they managed to “much better” address each other. They vied with each other to boast that they only sometimes spoke rudely, but in general they spoke respectfully to each other, almost without rude words. I noted that such "colorful" epithets as ("goat" and "fool") were rarely heard during the campaign.

2.3. And, finally, the health-improving block of tourist activities, most beloved by students.

The health block includes various competitions, sports games that develop dexterity, speed, and dexterity. Depending on the means of transportation, the content of games and competitions varies. For example, when skiing during games and competitions, we practice behavior in an avalanche zone, climbing, descending, braking, turning, skiing, and when traveling on water, I teach the technique of working with oars, kayaking, since when traveling in a kayak, a rower must comply with certain regulations. During halts, we study the basics of a tourist: the rules of insurance during crossings and the rules for tying knots. During the camping trip, the guys are already independently learning to the initial techniques of all tourist skills.

Conclusion

Recently, there are more and more people wishing to engage in the tourism section. There are many proposals from the guys to make a ski trip outside the ulus. But due to certain difficulties, such trips are not yet possible. At different times, permanent groups were created from among the gymnasium students, with whom they made a ski trip along the route Nam - Iskra - Tastakh - Uluu-Sysy: - Salban and combined walking - water rafting along the Kenkeme River to Lake Hardan. Students who attend the "Tourism" section do not miss lessons, are more resilient, and are less likely to be exposed to various diseases. Parents are satisfied that tourism solves the problem of children's employment, approve the choice of their children, and take part in organizing trips. A properly organized and conducted tourist trip provides a good rest, physical development and sports improvement of children, broadens their horizons, fosters collectivism, love for nature, discipline, independence and initiative.
Summing up, I want to note that it is necessary to come to an understanding that strict adherence to the class-lesson system significantly narrows the educational process. There are subjects that require students to go outside the premises into the outside world. Many types of extracurricular activities can play an important role in this matter. Among them, a special complex solution of many educational and recreational problems belongs to tourism and local history activities.
As already noted, tourism today acts as a cognitive active recreation, in the improvement of the body. The achievements of science, changing the nature of work and study, also affect the person himself: his mental, emotional and mental functions are put forward in the first place, while motor and physical ones recede into the background. There is a decrease in motor activity with an increase in the level of emotional stress. Physical inactivity caused by insufficient physical activity causes rapid fatigue, which is more difficult to remove than fatigue caused by physical effort.
The best and most effective way to restore physical and spiritual strength is active recreation, which should be considered as one of the basic human needs. The most accessible and useful form of active recreation is tourism.
Tourism and health are inseparable. Tourist travels not only contribute to the physical hardening of the body, relieve fatigue, strengthen the nervous system, they are increasingly becoming an urgent need of a person as an active, saturated with physical activity rest. Once again, I note: tourism is a powerful means of preventing various diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the nervous system, respiratory organs, and digestion. At present, it is necessary to make wider use of weekend hikes to prepare students for more difficult journeys, to practice techniques, and to check equipment. Thus, in campaigns - not only health-improving and sports, but also educational and educational effect is high.

Bibliography

1. Abukhov A.Kh. Tourism at a new stage. M., Profizdat, 1983.
2. Kozlova T.V., Ryabukhina T.A. Physical education for the whole family. M., F. and S., 1989.
3. Pasechny P.S. On the tourist trail. M., F. and S., 1986.
4. Rogatin B. Keep up with the times. M., F. and S., 1986.
5. Shturmer Yu.A. Brief tourist guide M., Profizdat, 1985.

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Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In the 21st century, education, the upbringing of a new healthy generation, able to live and work in the new century, the century of education, culture, spirituality, new technologies, acquires special relevance and significance, in order to live and work with dignity, to achieve certain heights in life, a person must be healthy. Health is the most important value of a person. The ancient Greeks already knew this truth. The father of medicine, Hippocrates, was one of the first in history to proclaim a direct connection between physical culture, education and health. He emphasized that one who does not harden his body is doomed to "delicacy of the muscles and dullness of the mind." Today, more than ever, the issue of the "health of the people" is acute. The concept itself has also changed radically. Previously, when talking about health, it was associated only with medical care, with the protection of human health. At present, the concepts of "healthy person", "healthy nation" have expanded their meaning, covering both the spiritual and physical development of a person. The problem of educating a healthy generation has been declared a matter of national importance in our country. The President of our Republic, Mikhail Nikolaev, proclaimed the idea: “Through the health of society and each of us - to the well-being and prosperity of the republic” and emphasized that “health is an invaluable national wealth and property of society. Strengthening the health of the population, the formation of a healthy lifestyle are becoming the most important task, by solving which, society is moving forward to new frontiers of development.” In the implementation of this doctrine, the role of physical culture is invaluable. Stronger, healthier, smarter and more perfect is the one who willingly gives himself to the power of the movement. Tourism is one of the most widespread and accessible forms of physical culture. It is my deep conviction that tourism is the most massive form of active recreation and health improvement, one of the most important means of education. It has many positive properties. Firstly, tourist routes take us to fresh air. Scientists have long established that fresh air is very rich in negative nons, which have the ability to quickly and effectively relieve fatigue. Hiking is a movement, physical activity that has the most beneficial effect on the human body. A trained person does not get tired so soon, his efficiency is always increased. Secondly, the silence of the forest, the expanse of fields, the aroma and colors of the forest - all the variety of beauties of native nature, make you forget about everyday affairs and worries, liberate the nervous system.

Finally, tourism is the prevention of lack of spirituality, emotional poverty and various offenses. It solves the problem of children's employment, allows them to rationally use their free time, organically combine leisure with educational activities.

I know firsthand about the benefits of tourism. He began to get involved in tourism while still a student at the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute. As part of an institute team, he traveled the forests of the Smolensk region on foot, kayaking along the rivers of the region. And the hardening gained from hiking helps in my profession. In my teaching practice, I widely use tourism and not just tourism, but with elements of studying my native land. Our ulus has a beautiful nature. Taking walks during hiking trips to the picturesque places of their ulus, children learn the history of their region, their small homeland. Thus, combining in my pedagogical practice, sports and local history activities, I pursue three goals: educational, health and cognitive. Naturally, no clear line can be drawn between them. But all together they help students grow physically and spiritually, help them to get to know the world around them, themselves, during hiking trips they learn to overcome various difficulties, harden themselves physically, study their native land, appreciate friendship, care and help of a friend, and spend their free time usefully. . I think that those who did not experience the joy of hiking have lost a lot: to be in constant motion, discovering new beauties of nature, to sleep in tents, in the open air, to sing songs by the fire. This is much more useful than aimlessly wandering the streets or gathering in the evenings at the entrances. The organization of tourist trips, solving the problems of employment of children, especially during vacation time, is one of the most accessible and mass methods of promoting a healthy lifestyle: a child from childhood, who has known the beauty of the world around him in a group of friends and like-minded people and strengthened his health during hiking trips, will not be involved in dubious companies, will look to the future with confidence.

Tourist and local history activities

Tourism is a specific type of sports activity that opens up great opportunities for acquiring many important general and special knowledge for life, various motor skills, promotes health and versatile personality formation. At present, quite a lot of experience in tourist preparation has been accumulated.

Tourism is the most important means of education, which, due to its diversity and versatility, opens up wide opportunities for the practical preparation of a small citizen for a big life. For children, tourism is a way of active recreation, an exciting activity filled with the romance of an unusual way of life. And for teachers, it is a means, a way to better, deeper know their pupils and more actively influence their development. Tourist and local history work of young tourists is diverse in forms. The most complex, effective form of tourism and local history activities is a tourist trip.

Hiking is a wonderful means of easily introducing children into the system of social relations and accumulating the experience of these relations, organizing the assimilation of the rules and norms of human relations. Hiking and hiking help teenagers learn the universal values ​​of life and behaviors that will help them live in peace and harmony with themselves, nature and society.

At present, the content and complexity of hikes have qualitatively changed, the number of hikes has significantly decreased, they are gradually being replaced by weekend hikes. Today, multi-day trips have become unavailable for several reasons. These are very high prices for travel to the place of travel, the high cost of food, the criminal situation in the country. The schools of the city lack the tourist equipment necessary for life in the field - tents, backpacks, sleeping bags, campfire equipment, there are not enough experienced teachers who can properly and safely conduct a tourist trip. One of the forms of tourism and local history activities are tourist competitions that contribute to the preparation of an accident-free meaningful tourist trip, checking the readiness of tourist groups. Traditionally, tourist competitions are held in two stages:

School

Urban

At each stage, the organizers face certain tasks: at the school stage, these are mainly the tasks of teaching and promoting tourism, at the city stage - identifying the strongest teams and participants, exchanging work experience. Every year, about 150 students take part in city tourist competitions. These indicators indicate that tourist competitions remain one of the most popular events for schoolchildren. Student tourist competitions are a complex event, the preparation and conduct of which requires great efforts from all organizers. City tourist competitions are of great educational value, which is reflected in the competition program, which consists of a sports part and a competitive program. The sports part includes traditional types of competitions: team and personal technique of hiking, control and tourist route, orienteering. The competitive program consists of a tourist song contest, tourist newspapers, a local history quiz and allows you to reveal the creative abilities of the participants in the competition. At city tourist competitions evenings of rest, discos, game libraries are held.

local history

The term "local history" appeared at the turn of the 20th century. Initially, there was the concept of "homeland studies", which was replaced by "homeland studies", which gradually gave way to "local studies". To study, to know the native land, the small homeland, where a person was born and raised, is the task of local history.

One of the main activities of the Station is school local history. Various forms of social and local history activities have become widespread in educational institutions: associations, search teams, clubs, scientific societies of students, etc. In local history associations, students master the basics of research work; they get acquainted with scientific disciplines outside the school curriculum: ethnography, ecology, folklore, archeology, etc. Giving the opportunity to master the basics of these disciplines, school local history teaches students the skills of professional self-determination, self-organization and self-government. At the same time, local history and tourism activities instill in children and youth the foundations of collectivism, mutual assistance, the ability to navigate in difficult situations and find a way out of seemingly hopeless situations. Since 1993, the program of the tourist and local history movement of students of the Russian Federation "Fatherland" has become the main form of organizing local history in the system of additional education for children. The program is democratic, it is open to any search and experiment, free from ideological frameworks and restrictions, which contributes to the free manifestation of creativity, both for young local historians and their teachers.

Every year, the institution conducts:

City Olympiads in school local history;

City competitions of research local history works of participants in the tourist and local history movement "Fatherland";

Reviews of museums of educational institutions.

All local history events take place in two stages:

Stage I - school Olympiads, competitions;

Stage II - city olympiads, competitions;

In the traditionally held regional olympiads, local history research competitions, gatherings of young tourists, a local history quiz is an obligatory stage. Local history is a sphere of active practical activity aimed at disseminating knowledge about the history of one's small homeland. It has become a tradition to hold competitions and reviews of museums of educational institutions.

Reviews have shown that for many years of work of museums in schools a system of patriotic and moral education of students has developed, museums are repositories of the invaluable heritage of the historical past of our Fatherland.

Local history activity is a universal tool and a proven tool in the system of spiritual and moral education, it is an effective educational tool and has a great educational potential.

The most important strategic task of the modern school is the comprehensive development of the younger generation.

Tourist and local history activity of students is one of the effective means of complex influence on the formation of their personality. In it, with the correct pedagogical construction, all the main aspects of education are formed: ideological and political, moral, labor, aesthetic, physical, the horizons of students are significantly expanded - there is an intensive mental development.

Despite the great upbringing and educational value, tourism and local history activities are less and less used at school. Despite the fact that its individual components are to some extent considered in the content of training courses, this is clearly not enough to form a unified picture of the world, including a natural component. There is a need to develop a holistic concept of tourist and local history training for schoolchildren, filled with modern content, reflecting new scientific approaches and the requirements of life.

For a better understanding of the importance of tourism and local history activities and the need for its further development in the modern school, we consider it necessary to consider each component of this type of activity separately. School local history is considered by us not only as an activity of students aimed at studying the region, but also as one of the conditions that ensure the teaching of geography on a specific life material.

This is an activity aimed at a comprehensive knowledge of the local territory. The essence of the local history principle in teaching lies in establishing a connection between the geography material studied at school with the knowledge and skills that are acquired as a result of studies of the native land. It serves as the basis for organizing all types of educational and cognitive activities of local history classes, and the local history approach is an integral part, a way of its successful implementation. The local history principle makes it possible to build the teaching of geography according to the didactic rule: "from the known to the unknown", "from close to far".

In connection with the educational value of local history, educational local history is singled out. Work related to educational local history is carried out in the classroom and outside the classroom, for example, on a geographical site or during a study tour. The participation of schoolchildren of the whole class is mandatory in them, its content and nature are determined by the curriculum. They also distinguish non-programmed local history, the tasks and content of which are built in accordance with the plan of the educational work of the school. Schoolchildren take part in extracurricular local history on a voluntary basis. The forms of its implementation are hiking trips in one's own region, school expeditions, etc.

The next component of the TKD is tourism, which is an excellent form of implementing the local history principle in studying the basics of science. No other educational or extracurricular activity gives such an opportunity to turn a lot of abstract, "bookish" knowledge into concrete, tied to place and time.

In fact, there are “two” tourism in the school: one is mandatory for all classes (“class tourism”), but minimal in volume, the other is for travel lovers, for those who are passionate about local history, as classes in interest circles (“circle tourism”) . Both of these tourism differ in many ways: the volume of travel, regularity, complexity and variety of forms of activities, the depth of study of tourism and, of course, the contingents of children involved in tourism.

The use of TKD forms reflects the duality of tourism at school: certain forms (for example, classes in circles, participation in categorical trips, etc.) are used only for big fans of tourism, while other forms (subject to certain standards) are suitable for class tourism (for example, one-day and two-day hikes, simple competitions, seminars, local excursions, etc.).

The concept of "school tourism" is identical to the expression "tourist and local history activities at school" (TKD), which has become widespread.

Often the concept of "school tourism" is limited to a single meaning - the study of the region (local history), that is, cognition.

When local history is put at the forefront of a tourist trip (becomes its goal, task), then the strict passage of the declared route with its own content - length, a set of natural obstacles, autonomy of life support, etc. - placed in a subordinate position, ceases to be mandatory, loses priority.

Tourism by its nature is impossible without elements of knowledge of the region. It is impossible to travel without learning anything. The aphorism is fair: "Tourism is local history, but local history is not tourism."

It is quite legitimate to talk about the duality of local history at school: simple visual observations are always made on hikes, but serious, deep local history without any connection with tourism has the full right to life. There is no need to link real local history with the sports norms of hiking; it is difficult to squeeze serious search, research work into the strict framework of a sports trip. Often, both cognition and sportiness lose from this, and most importantly, children suffer from overload.

The so-called tourism and local history activities are characterized by a multi-purpose nature, a variety of forms. And this must be preserved both in the work as a whole and in particular forms of its manifestation. It is not for nothing that the tourist and local history form of work with children is called the most complex type of extracurricular educational work.

It is necessary to strive to use the whole variety of forms of tourist activities for children at school, since only in this way it is possible to better satisfy the various interests of children, involve the largest number of them in tourism, and build the so-called TKD system at school.

It is important not to forget that participation in field research requires mastering tourist techniques and tactics, so tourism becomes an inseparable part of local history. Thus, in this connection, local history provides cognitive activity and intellectual development of students, and tourism provides technical and tactical training, safety and comfort in the field. In the educational process, tourism and local history act as a single whole - tourist and local history activities.

Tourist and local history activities of students

Tourist and local history activity of students is one of the effective means of complex influence on the formation of their personality. In it, with the correct pedagogical construction, all the main aspects of education are integrated into the personality: ideological and political, moral, labor, aesthetic, physical, the horizons of students are significantly expanded - there is an intensive mental development.

Children receive some elements of this activity already in kindergarten in their walks and excursions to nature, in classes and corners of nature. It is necessary to consolidate and continue this activity in elementary school, since otherwise both the skill and interest in this activity in adolescence will be lost, the impact of the natural and social environment on the development of the student's personality will be less effective. And the specificity of tourism and local history activities (TKD) lies precisely in the direct "collision" of the student with the natural and social environment surrounding him, with reality, with life.

The romance of tourism and local history activities allows you to attract and retain in this area both the children themselves and their parents, and the wide pedagogical opportunities contribute to both the children's and adult teams (parents) uniting the class around the class teacher, the educator of the extended day group, leading such work, involvement of the parent contingent in the pedagogical process, facilitating the management of the children's team and each student. Tourism and local history activities in elementary school allows you to create a single team: a teacher, parents, students, which largely contributes to strengthening the educational impact on students, improving the focus of pedagogical influence.

The program of tourism and local history activities of primary school students has been developed taking into account its close connection with the educational work of the school, work with student associations. It can be used both in the classroom (by its full team), and in extended day groups, and in school circles and extracurricular institutions. The program is addressed to the class teacher, the educator of the extended day group, the circle leader who conducts such work at school and in an out-of-school institution, as well as parents participating together with the teacher and educator, the circle leader in such activities.

Tourism as an extracurricular activity. The purpose of extracurricular activities is to deepen knowledge based on the interests and inclinations of students, achieve a higher level of development of motor abilities, moral qualities, and consolidate the habit of exercising regularly. I single out three main blocks: educational, educational and health-improving. Let's consider each block separately.

The educational block of tourism and local history activities is the most important and has several directions.

In the field of socio-political education, this is the development of an active life position, the development of skills and habits of social behavior. In the field of labor education, this is the development of self-service skills, respect for physical labor, instilling intransigence towards modeling, the ability to carry out assigned work at the lowest cost. In the field of moral education, this is the education of conscious discipline, respect for public property, a sense of friendship, camaraderie, unity of word and deed, collectivism, a culture of relationships between people, between the team and the individual, the ability to subordinate personal interests to the public. In the field of physical education, this is strengthening the health of hikers by overcoming difficulties, forming a healthy lifestyle, and taking responsibility for their own health. As you can see, the tasks that tourism solves in the field of education are very wide and varied. And, perhaps, the most important thing is the complexity of these forms of education, their organic unity and optimal combination in travel conditions, due to which the highest educational and health-improving effect is achieved. In a tourist walk or excursion to nature, when the silence of the forest, the beauty of the path, glades pacify the child excited by the school, family, yard, it is much easier to carry out any educational influence. Issues of discipline and culture of behavior are easily solved by the fire on a camping trip, and later these skills are developed and consolidated in constant communication outside of tourist events. But the first impetus to establish a special style of relations is easier to accept in the conditions of the autonomous existence of the team, when the group feels the greatest cohesion, interdependence, when everyone goes to interaction, mutual assistance is more interested, easy without external coercion.

Improving block of tourist activity.

The health block includes various competitions, sports games that develop dexterity, speed, and dexterity. Depending on the means of transportation, the content of games and competitions varies. For example, when skiing during games and competitions, we practice behavior in an avalanche zone, climbing, descending, braking, turning, skiing, and when traveling on water, I teach the technique of working with oars, kayaking, since when traveling in a kayak, a rower must comply with certain regulations. During halts, they learn the basics of a tourist: the rules for insurance during crossings and the rules for tying knots. During the camping trip, the guys are already independently learning to the initial techniques of all tourist skills.

Conclusion

tourism local history activities

Recently, there are more and more people wishing to engage in the tourism section. There are many proposals from the guys to make a ski trip outside the ulus. But due to certain difficulties, such trips are not yet possible. At different times, permanent groups were created from among the gymnasium students, with whom they made a ski trip along the route Nam - Iskra - Tastakh - Uluu-Sysyy: - Salban and combined walking - water rafting along the Kenkeme River to Lake Hardan. Students who attend the "Tourism" section do not miss lessons, are more resilient, and are less likely to be exposed to various diseases. Parents are satisfied that tourism solves the problem of children's employment, approve the choice of their children, and take part in organizing trips. A properly organized and conducted tourist trip provides a good rest, physical development and sports improvement of children, broadens their horizons, fosters collectivism, love for nature, discipline, independence and initiative. Summing up, I want to note that it is necessary to come to an understanding that strict adherence to the class-lesson system significantly narrows the educational process. There are subjects that require students to go outside the premises into the outside world. Many types of extracurricular activities can play an important role in this matter. Among them, a special complex solution of many educational and recreational problems belongs to tourism and local history activities. As already noted, tourism today acts as a cognitive active recreation, in the improvement of the body. The achievements of science, changing the nature of work and study, also affect the person himself: his mental, emotional and mental functions are put forward in the first place, while motor and physical ones recede into the background. There is a decrease in motor activity with an increase in the level of emotional stress. Physical inactivity caused by insufficient physical activity causes rapid fatigue, which is more difficult to remove than fatigue caused by physical effort. The best and most effective way to restore physical and spiritual strength is active recreation, which should be considered as one of the basic human needs. The most accessible and useful form of active recreation is tourism. Tourism and health are inseparable. Tourist travels not only contribute to the physical hardening of the body, relieve fatigue, strengthen the nervous system, they are increasingly becoming an urgent need of a person as an active, saturated with physical activity rest. Once again, I note: tourism is a powerful means of preventing various diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the nervous system, respiratory organs, and digestion. At present, it is necessary to make wider use of weekend hikes to prepare students for more difficult journeys, to practice techniques, and to check equipment. Thus, in campaigns - not only health-improving and sports, but also educational and educational effect is high.

Bibliography

1. Abukhov A.Kh. Tourism at a new stage. M., Profizdat, 1983.

2. Kozlova T.V., Ryabukhina T.A. Physical education for the whole family. M., F. and S., 1989.

3. Pasechny P.S. On the tourist trail. M., F. and S., 1986.

4. Rogatin B. Keeping up with the times. M., F. and S., 1986.

5. Shturmer Yu.A. Brief tourist guide M., Profizdat, 1985.

6. Kondakov V. A. Local history principle in teaching geography. Izvestiya APN RSFSR, no. 24, 1950.

7. Makhov S.I. Improving tourism and local history training at school and university // Materials of the interregional scientific-practical conference "Geography of the population and settlement: history and modernity." - Nizhny Novgorod, 1999. S. 157-160.

8. Makhov S.I., Makhova I.P. Accounting for age and individual characteristics of schoolchildren in tourist and local history activities // Materials of the scientific and theoretical interuniversity conference “Geoecology. Local history. Tourism". - St. Petersburg, 2000. S. 83-86.

9. Ostapets A.A. Pedagogy of tourist and local history work at school. M.: Pedagogy, 1985.

10. Stroev KF On the principle of local history in teaching geography. "Geography at school", 1963, No. 3.

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