Antipyretics for children are prescribed by a pediatrician. But there are emergency situations for fever in which the child needs to be given medicine immediately. Then the parents take responsibility and use antipyretic drugs. What is allowed to be given to infants? How can you bring down the temperature in older children? What are the safest medicines?
The main premises of the kindergarten - group rooms - should be sized to meet the needs of children for movement and clean air. If one child has 4 m 2 of area, and the height of the room is 3.2 m, then the air volume for each child will be about 8 m3, which corresponds to the basic sanitary standards.
Windows in group rooms are designed to face east, southeast and south. In each group room, bedroom, as well as in the hall, at least 50% of the windows are equipped with transoms or vents. In the warm season, they are kept open, in winter they are not glued, in order to be able to ventilate the room 3-4 times a day. The ventilation time depends on the temperature difference between the outside air and the room air. A full air exchange is especially important in those rooms where the area of the group rooms is less than 50 m2 or the ceiling height is less than 3 m.
The hoods of the central ventilation duct, which also provide air exchange, must be kept in good working order, systematically cleaned of dust and in no case should they be glued.
It is very important to maintain a constant temperature regime in the premises, avoiding sudden fluctuations in air temperature. The optimal temperature for a group room is 19-21 ° C, for a hall - 18 ° C, for toilet rooms - 20-22 ° C, a pool - 29 ° C (the temperature is measured at the level of the growth of children, and in the rooms of the first floor - on the floor).
Central heating radiators must be enclosed. The fence should be easy to remove during cleaning, should not trap heat radiation, and should not have sharp corners.
The use of temporary or portable heating devices in childcare facilities is strictly prohibited.
Sunlight is no less important for the health of children than clean air: it has a beneficial effect on the nervous system, on increasing growth, on improving blood composition and metabolism. Under its influence, children improve their health, appetite, and sleep.
Good natural light is achieved primarily through a sufficient number of windows. It is considered normal if the area of the glazed surface of the windows is equal to 1 / 5-1 / 6 of the floor area (light ratio 1: 5 or 1: 6). This means that with a group room area of 50 m2, the area of all windows should be 8-10 m2.
It is necessary to constantly monitor the cleanliness of the window panes; they should be wiped at least once a week (on the inside in winter, and on the inside and outside during the warmer months). Contaminated glass blocks 40-70% of light rays.
In a group room, curtains that block the window panes, especially their upper part, are unacceptable, since in this case the normal illumination of the room is disturbed, especially in that part of the room that is far from the windows. If necessary (in too bright sunlight, in the evening), the windows are closed with light curtains made of light cotton fabric that move freely on rings. It is not recommended to put tall plants on windowsills, or to glue applications on glass. If these conditions are met, you can achieve the best natural illumination in rooms. Artificial lighting has a great impact on the state of vision of children. It must meet hygiene standards. In group rooms, the artificial lighting rate is 100 lux when using incandescent lamps and 200 lux when using fluorescent lighting. In other words, group rooms for preschool children should have 8 lamps with lamps of 200 watts each, and in group rooms for young children - 6 lamps of 200 watts.
For kindergarten, lamps of the type SK-300 "Electrosvet" or Yablochkova, KSO-1, SHOD (diffuse school lighting) are recommended. Do not use lucettes open from below and lamps not protected by fittings, as they lead to eye fatigue. In extreme cases, in the absence of the necessary fittings, ordinary light bulbs are replaced with matte ones (but matte balls with a diameter of 250 mm are also not suitable, since the dimensions of 200 and 300 watts lamps do not correspond to their dimensions).
Fluorescent lamps are arranged in two rows along the entire length of the room or in the form of a letter P, which allows you to create even lighting. It is possible to maintain constant lighting only if each burned-out lamp is promptly replaced by a lamp of the same power.
Sockets and switches are located at a distance of 1.8 m from the floor, not lower.
Of great importance for the normal lighting of rooms is the color of walls, ceilings and furniture. The illumination of the room is the higher, the more light rays are reflected from the walls and ceilings. A white wall reflects 60% of the light rays incident on it, light yellow - up to 40%, blue and blue - 25%, brown - 13%, black only 1-2%. Therefore, the interior painting of walls, ceilings and furniture should be in light colors.
Heating started later than usual this year. The country, after all, goes to Europe! It goes so fast that the gas does not keep up with it ... In general, someone did not agree with someone, someone did not buy, someone was not given a loan, it burst somewhere, etc. In short. , outside + 5 ° С, and the batteries are cold.
Every day on TV there were reports of unfortunate children freezing in kindergartens. There is only +17 ° С, the kids are in sweaters, but they are courageous: they jump, smile ... Close-up of indignant mothers. They certainly understand the seriousness of the situation: it's a nightmare, something needs to be done, we will freeze the children!
Well, finally, WAIT! They turned on the heating. I felt better. Relieved.
The columns of thermometers crawled upward, quickly overcame the symbolic 20 ° C, left behind the normal 22 ° C, jumped over the comfortable 25 ° C and finally froze at the warm level of 28-30 ° C.
Everyone calmed down together. Mothers are happy, journalists have lost interest, children ... And what, in fact, children? Let them take off their sweaters and rejoice quickly. Why faster? Yes, because there is not much time left to rejoice ...
We all understand perfectly well: the air temperature in the premises of preschool institutions (preschool institutions) cannot be the same as the director of the kindergarten, nanny or teacher wants. It (this temperature) is not set at the whim of any particularly active mother or by the decision of a particularly democratic body called the "parents' meeting".
The air temperature in the preschool educational institution is strictly regulated by a special document, which bears the proud name "State sanitary rules and norms ...".
The state decided that it needs special, again state, bodies that will take care of the health of children. As a result, in all the republics of the former USSR, without exception, there are ministries that control everything related to the protection of children's health, and organize the work of preschool institutions and schools. These ministries are called differently: health care, health care, education, education and science, etc. etc., but the essence and direction of actions does not depend on the name.
Under the leadership of ministries, pundits have been conducting research for decades to find out what the air parameters should be in schools and preschool institutions. It is quite obvious that proper, correct, normal air parameters are those parameters at which the negative impact on the child's health, and therefore the morbidity, is minimal.
Scientists have found that there are three main indicators to be monitored:
1) air temperature;
2) relative air humidity;
3) the intensity of air exchange.
For each indicator, medical science has determined the optimal values, which, in fact, are included in the above-mentioned "State Sanitary Rules and Norms ...". Whatever state we are talking about (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, etc.), these meanings are approximately the same. No, they may differ by 1 ° C or 5% relative humidity, but these differences are rather an attempt to demonstrate originality and independence from the totalitarian instructions of the former USSR, rather than a divergence of opinions.
Nobody did any new research, and why, if everything is already clear and the answers to the questions have been received.
So, no matter where you live - if your child is attending kindergarten, there should be a temperature in the playrooms of 21-24 ° C, and in the bedrooms 18 - 22 ° C. At the same time, 24 ° С in the playroom and 22 ° С in the bedroom is a recommendation for nursery groups located in climatic regions where the average monthly temperature in January ranges from -14 to -32 ° С.
Let's repeat it again. Please remember:
air temperature in playroom kindergarten should never and under no circumstances exceed 24 ° C ;
air temperature in bedroom kindergarten should never and under no circumstances exceed 22 ° C .
At first glance, air humidity is easier: no one really understands what it is, why and how to measure it, how to regulate it, and who should do it. It is not surprising that the recommendation, according to which the relative humidity should be 40-60%, is perceived as something abstract and incomprehensible. Nevertheless, at this stage, let's at least repeat and remember:
the relative humidity in the premises of the kindergarten should be 40-60%.
Now norms for schools:
air temperature in classrooms 17-20 ° С, in workshops 16-18 ° С, in the gym - 15-17 ° С;
relative air humidity 40-60% .
A few words about air exchange. The main way of its practical implementation is ventilation, but ventilation is extremely difficult to regulate and control. Nevertheless, you will probably be interested in familiarizing yourself with some of the provisions of the State rules and regulations for preschool education:
- To create favorable environmental conditions, it is necessary to thoroughly ventilate all rooms every day. The most effective is through and corner ventilation. It should be carried out only in the absence of children: before their arrival, during classes in the hall, during a walk.
- One-way ventilation is carried out in the presence of children.
- In the rooms of bedrooms, through ventilation should be carried out in the absence of children. In the cold season, transoms, vents should be closed 30 minutes in advance. before children sleep; open during sleep on one side and close in 30 minutes. before lifting. In the warm season, sleep (day and night) is carried out with open windows (avoid drafts).
A little about airing in schools. It is recommended to carry it out during breaks, while the duration of airing is determined by the temperature outside. At temperatures above +6 ° C, it is necessary to air for a small break from 4 to 10 minutes, and on a big break - from 25 to 35 minutes. When the temperature outside is below -10 ° C, it is necessary to air for a small break from 1 to 1.5 minutes, and on a big break - from 5 to 10 minutes.
What do we have in practice? In the overwhelming majority of preschool institutions and schools, the air indices do not correspond to the State requirements. Exceptions are possible, of course, but these exceptions occur only when an emergency arises: the heating was not turned on, an accident, extremely low temperature outside, low gas pressure, etc. etc. Nevertheless, if we consider a normal average kindergarten, in which the heating system works "normally", in this kindergarten the temperature and humidity of the air almost always do not correspond to the existing requirements .
Complaints that it is very hot in kindergarten and that there is nothing to breathe can be heard from everywhere. A temperature of 28 ° C is almost standard, 30 ° C is not at all uncommon. The meaning of air humidity is a mystery behind seven seals. A kindergarten with a hygrometer (a device for measuring humidity) is as rare as a kindergarten with its own pool, although it seems that pools are more common.
At first glance, the situation is absolutely incomprehensible, absurd, inexplicable:
There are State requirements;
There are persons who are obliged to fulfill these requirements - the administration of preschool institutions and schools;
There are, again, state bodies that are obliged to monitor the fulfillment of these requirements - the bodies of sanitary and epidemiological supervision.
Requirements are ignored, nothing happens.
Maybe all this is nonsense? It's OK? Maybe this is how it should be? Warmth is not cold (the heat of the bones does not ache)!
Any heating system dries up the air. The more intensively the heaters work and, accordingly, the higher the temperature in the room, the drier the air.
Dry air is very bad and dangerous.
Why?
The mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract are in contact with billions of microbes every day. The vast majority of microbes do not have any negative effect on the body, since, firstly, they cannot gain a foothold on the surface of the mucous membranes (in the nose, throat), and secondly, the mucous membranes produce fluid (mucus, snot, phlegm), which in large quantities contains substances that kill viruses and bacteria.
The ability of mucous membranes to stop and destroy microbes at the site of introduction is called local immunity ... If the local immunity has failed, then the disease is already developing and the general immunity begins to work.
If your child often suffers from "colds" diseases, then he has a weak local immunity.
Local immunity is inherently weak almost never. Local immunity is destroyed by parents and the administration of preschool institutions.
We live in a country where the heating season is at least half a year. This means that at least six months (half of their lives!), Our children spend most of their time in rooms with dry and warm air.
Snot, phlegm, mucus can only kill an infection when it is liquid. Dry mucus is a protein-rich breeding ground for bacteria.
Dry air leads to drying out of the mucous membranes and disables the local immune system.
Dry air dries up mucus and contributes to infection. Dried mucus is the main cause of otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis and pneumonia.
Dry air is the main cause of the growth of adenoids and the development of chronic tonsillitis.
Dry air increases the sensitivity of mucous membranes to dust and allergens, hence the risk of allergic diseases - from rhinitis to asthma.
Dry air for children is much more dangerous in comparison with adults: children have a more intensive metabolism, they generate more heat, and they regulate heat exchange not so much with their skin (like mom and dad), but with their lungs. Dry and warm air does not allow the child to normally "dump" excess heat, this leads to fluid loss during breathing and increases sweating. Hence the thickening of blood, disruption of the work of internal organs, endless drinking at night, etc.
We repeat once again: during the heating season, the warmer the air, the drier it is.
And one more point, extremely important in relation to ventilation.
Essence: the most common childhood diseases are ARVI (acute respiratory viral infections). The main epidemiological feature of respiratory viruses is that they die instantly in cool, moist moving air and for hours remain active in dry, warm and still air. Thus, airing is the most effective way to prevent ARVI in children's groups.
The heating practice in children's institutions is a genocide of local immunity ... This is one of the main reasons for endless kindergarten snot, millions of state-paid sick leaves, tons of antibiotics eaten, tens of liters of blood and hundreds of liters of urine collected for tests, and thousands of hospitalizations.
And this practice exists. And journalists don't write about it. And that doesn't seem to bother anyone. If the air temperature drops by 2 ° C below the target, then all central channels will tell about it in the news, although there is no risk here and the "problem" is easily solved by an additional jacket.
Why is everyone silent or saying something that it would be better to be silent?
1. First of all, because they do not know how it is right, how it should be. Moreover, everyone is convinced that the child is small and weak, so he needs to be warmed and fed. Numerous examples showing that naked and not overfed get sick less often, do not convince anyone of anything.
2. Public opinion unequivocally regards warmth as good. Cold (20 ° C), an open window, a walk in damp weather are supposedly the main enemies of children's health. No one can or does not want to understand: children get sick not because they are cold, but because they sweat! Otitis media began not because the window was open, but because the mucus in the auditory tube dried up due to the dry air ...
3. Journalists are the bearers of public opinion and do their best to indulge public opinion. Report about freezing children! What a response, what a rating! The mayor himself called and asked for forgiveness!
4. The administration of the preschool institution and the employees of the sanitary services have neither the strength, nor the authority, nor the desire to oppose public opinion. One mom, who made a scandal due to the fact that her child fell ill with bronchitis, allegedly because the window was opened, will discourage the teacher from opening this window for many years. Moreover, it is this teacher who will be accused of all mortal sins and no one will come to her defense.
5. Endless childhood "colds" is an endless business, these are billions received from the sale of immune stimulants, vitamins, antibiotics, expectorants, nose drops, etc. etc. These are thousands of laboratories looking for the causes of your frequent illnesses.
WHAT TO DO?
First of all, everyone should understand:
if the temperature and humidity in the kindergarten does not meet state requirements, it means that the kindergarten employees are committing an official crime, and the sanitary supervision authorities, who do not react to this, cover the crime and thus become his accomplices .
There should be thermometers and hygrometers in the bedrooms and playrooms of each preschool educational institution.
The easiest way to purchase electronic multifunctional devices is, as a rule, a clock that shows both temperature and humidity, and much more (depending on the price).
To humidify the air, it is necessary to use special household appliances - air humidifiers. Steam humidifiers for kindergarten are highly undesirable, and ultrasonic humidifiers are optimal.
Municipal kindergartens should demand financing the purchase of humidifiers, relying on requirements parental public. However, the sooner you hold a parenting meeting and discuss how to buy a thermometer, hygrometer and humidifier, the more chances you will have to save on medications.
Heating elements (radiators) in childcare facilities must have regulators. If there are no regulators, think about how to put them in in the summer, but for now, to reduce the heat transfer of the batteries - cover them with a heat insulator (for example, foam), cover them with blankets, etc.
Remember: if in winter you open a window, then cold air enters the room, in which there is practically no water (the lower the air temperature, the less water vapor in it). When heated, this air dries out the air in the room. The main conclusion is that it is necessary to regulate the air temperature with a closed battery, and not with an open window.
Presidential Administration Council. Write the following text on paper in large letters:
"STATE REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
IN CHILDREN'S PRESCHOOL INSTITUTIONS
The air temperature in the playrooms is 21-23 ° C, and in the bedrooms 18 - 21 ° C.
Relative air humidity 40-60%.
FOR NON-COMPLIANCE WITH THESE REQUIREMENTS
THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE DDU WILL BE RESPONSIBLE ”.
Hang the paper with the indicated text so that all parents can see it. As soon as someone opens their mouth and starts screaming about the cold, etc. - send him to sort things out with the state. Introduce the norms to everyone you accept in the preschool educational institution. If such requirements are not satisfied, let them sit at home with a heater.
Dear mums and dads!
What most kindergartens do with the health of our children is unbearable, and we must fight this.
State requirements are ignored, regulatory bodies do not fulfill their functions.
Let's act on our own! After all, we are talking about the health of our children! This is more than enough reason to stop relying on someone and wait for favors from officials.
First of all, we must try to change public opinion, do everything to ensure that people receive basic information. We must all understand: our beloved, kind and affectionate grandmothers are not bearers of the truth. If the grandmother is convinced that an open window is bad, and science believes (and practice confirms) that it is good, then it must be determined somehow! What is more dear to us? Grandma's nerves or baby's health? Difficult choice, but you have to decide.
As soon as the state has washed its hands, so let us form public opinion. Share this document with all your friends. Discuss on the forums. Print it out, give it out to parents, hold parent-teacher conferences. Tell us what you have done here, share your experience.
Understand the main thing: if a child normal from God does not crawl out of sores, then this child has a conflict with the environment. And it is not necessary to feed the child with medicines, but to the extent of the strength and ability to change the environment ... This is our duty to God and our conscience. Well, think: what kind of health can we talk about if our children have nothing to breathe for six months!
Ventilation regime and ventilation rules for preschool institutions. Air pollution , together with the violation of the natural physical composition, makes the air environment around us extremely unfavorable for life, which, according to the latest scientific data, forces the human body to spend 80% of its internal resources only on ensuring the possibility of existence in it.
That is, almost all of its internal forces the human body spends only on ensuring our vital activity, leaving almost no resources to maintain the normal functioning of its organs, to reproduce the spent funds of the immune system, and therefore to fight infectious and chronic diseases, to complete and quick recovery functional capabilities of the body as a whole.
Rooms with a constant stay of children (group, playroom, bedrooms, rooms for music and physical education, etc.) should be provided with clean fresh air. Windows in group rooms are designed to face east, southeast and south. In each group room, bedroom, as well as in the hall, at least 50% of the windows are equipped with transoms or vents. In the warm season they are kept open, in winter they are not glued to be able to ventilate the room 3-4 times a day.
The hoods of the central ventilation duct, which also provide air exchange, must be kept in good working order, systematically cleaned of dust and in no case should they be glued.
All rooms are ventilated daily and repeatedly in the absence of children. The most effective is through and corner ventilation of premises. The ventilation time depends on the outdoor temperature, wind direction, and room temperature.
Through ventilation spend at least 10 minutes every 1.5 hours. Airing is carried out in the absence of children and ends 30 minutes before their arrival from a walk or class. When airing, a short-term decrease in the air temperature in the room is allowed, but not more than by 2–4 ° (taking into account age, children).
Wide unilateral aeration all premises in the warm season are allowed in the presence of children. Airing through the washrooms is not allowed.
In the rooms of the bedrooms, through ventilation is carried out before laying the children. In the cold season, transoms, vents are closed 10 minutes before children go to bed; open during sleep on one side and close 30 minutes before getting up. In the warm season, sleep (day and night) is organized with the windows open (avoiding drafts).
Hygienic requirements for heating and heating devices. It is very important to maintain a constant temperature regime in the premises, avoiding sudden fluctuations in air temperature. Optimum temperature for a group room - 19-21 ° С, for a hall - 18 ° С, toilet rooms - 20-22 ° С, a swimming pool - 29 ° С. In corner rooms, the air temperature should be 2 ° C higher.
Air temperature control in all the main rooms, children stay using a household thermometer attached to the inner wall at a height of 0.8-1.0 m. The relative humidity in rooms with children should be 40-60%, in the kitchen and laundry room - 60-70 %.
The following can be used as heating devices: central heating radiators, tubular heating elements embedded in concrete panels. Radiators must be fenced off with removable wooden grilles. The fence should be easy to remove during cleaning, should not trap heat radiation, and should not have sharp corners. The use of temporary or portable heating devices in childcare facilities is strictly prohibited.
The surface temperature of heating devices should be no more than 80 ° C. In winter, the floor temperature in group rooms located on the first floors of the building should be at least 22 ° C.
4. Hygienic requirements for the illumination of various premises of the preschool educational institution
The degree of lighting in the premises where children are located affects not only their state of vision, but also the entire body as a whole. It has a particularly positive effect on the body daylight ... Therefore, all rooms in the building of childcare facilities, as a rule, should have natural light. Insulation of the remote control premises should be provided in accordance with the standards. It is allowed to illuminate with natural upper (upper-oblique) light (dressing and toilet group cells, rooms for psychological relief of children ("home corners") and adults, staff rooms, halls for music and gymnastics, a hall with a pool bath, a warm-up hall at the pool, premises for children's circles and sections, fragments of communication and recreational space. Children's premises should be light: the ratio of the area of windows to the area of the floor (in group and play) 1: 4–1: 5 (c. E. O. = 1.5%), with through or corner ventilation. Play and group rooms should be located in rooms whose windows are oriented towards the most illuminated parts of the world: south, southeast. Neither neighboring buildings nor tall trees should interfere with the passage of light in them. Natural lighting in rooms depends to a large extent on the size of the windows. The more glazed the surface, the more light enters the room. However, a very large window area increases cooling in winter and overheating of the premises in summer. Therefore, the area of the glazed surface of windows in children's institutions is taken such that on a clear day at the most distant place from the window, the illumination is 100 lux (the minimum permissible illumination rate).
It follows that the size of the windows depends on the size of the room, and the larger the area of the latter, the larger the area of the light surface of the windows should be. The ratio of the area of the glazed surface of windows to the area of the floor is called the light coefficient.
The further this or that place is from the window, the weaker its illumination by natural light. The higher the window, the deeper the light rays can penetrate. For sufficient illumination of places remote from the window, the depth coefficient (the ratio of the height of the upper edge of the window above the floor to the depth of the room) should be 1: 2, i.e., the depth of the room should not exceed double the height of the upper edge above the floor. If the depth of the room is 6 m, then the upper edge of the window should be raised 3 m from the floor.
Flowers, which can absorb up to 25-30% of the light, foreign objects, curtains, should not interfere with the passage of light into the room where children are. In playrooms and group rooms, only narrow curtains made of light, washable fabric are allowed. Hang them on rings along the edges of the windows; they are used in cases where it is necessary to limit the penetration of direct sunlight into the room. Care must be taken to ensure that the glass in the windows is smooth, of high quality and retains as little light as possible. It is necessary to constantly monitor the cleanliness of window panes. Contaminated glass blocks 40–70% of light rays. Window glass is cleaned from the outside at least 3-4 times a year, and from the inside - at least once a month.
It is possible to determine the natural illumination of a particular part of the room either with the help of a luxmeter - a device with sensitive photocells, or by the presence of the sky partially visible through the windows. If from a certain place on a clear day the entire firmament is visible, the illumination of this place is considered good; if 2/3 of the sky is visible - satisfactory, and if only 1/3 - unsatisfactory.
The lack of light affects the well-being of the child, the state of his organ of vision is more unfavorable than mixed light, therefore, when there is little natural light in the room, artificial sources should be used.
Artificial lighting. Lighting with fluorescent light sources has a significant advantage over conventional electric lighting. Fluorescent lamps provide a high luminous efficiency, which can significantly increase the illumination standards of children's rooms. The spectrum of these lamps is close in its visible part to the spectrum of natural light. Electricity consumption under fluorescent lighting is almost 3 times less than with electric lighting of the same intensity.
Watching TV programs in the evening is carried out under artificial lighting with a group overhead light or a local light source (sconce or table lamp) placed out of the field of vision of children. To avoid the reflection of sunlight on the screen during daytime hours, windows should be covered with light, light-colored curtains.
In group rooms, the artificial lighting rate is 150 lux when using incandescent lamps and 300 lux when using fluorescent lighting. In other words, group rooms for preschool children should have 8 lamps with lamps of 200 watts each, and in group rooms for young children - 6 lamps of 200 watts. Fluorescent lamps are arranged in two rows along the entire length of the room or in the form of a letter P, which allows you to create even lighting. It is possible to maintain constant lighting only if each burned-out lamp is promptly replaced by a lamp of the same power. Sockets and switches are located at a distance of 1.8 m from the floor, not lower.
Of great importance for the normal lighting of rooms is the color of walls, ceilings and furniture. The illumination of the room is the higher, the more light rays are reflected from the walls and ceilings. A white wall reflects 60% of the light rays falling on it, light yellow - up to 40%, blue and blue - 25%, brown - 13%, black only 1-2%. Therefore, the interior painting of walls, ceilings and furniture should be in light colors.
5. Hygienic requirements for the water supply of children's institutions
The water supply to the childcare institution must provide sufficient water for cooking and drinking, hygienic maintenance of premises, and instilling hygiene skills in children. In nurseries-kindergartens with a daytime stay of children, water consumption is calculated at the rate of 75 liters per child per day, with a round-the-clock stay of children - 100 liters. Water supply and sewerage in the preschool educational institution should be centralized. The buildings of the preschool educational institution are equipped with systems of drinking, fire and hot water supply, sewerage and drains in accordance with the hygienic requirements for the planning and development of urban and rural settlements. Institutions must be provided with safe drinking water in accordance with applicable sanitary regulations.
A supply of hot and cold water is provided to the kitchen, pantries, toilets for children and staff, laundries (laundry rooms), an isolator and other medical premises, washbasins and water taps for household needs, with mixer taps.
Heating devices installed in cabinets for drying outerwear and shoes of children in reception rooms and dressing rooms, as well as towel dryers in toilet rooms, should be connected to the hot water supply system.
Washrooms for toddlers and preschool children are equipped with washbasins located from the floor at a height of 40-50 cm.
In nurseries, kindergartens, drinking water is stored in decanters in each group. Boil water in the kitchen or utility rooms, or buffets in boilers such as "Titan" or "Volcano". Chilled water is poured into the tanks directly from the boiler.
It seemed that yesterday the baby was taken from the hospital, but today he needs to be taken to kindergarten. “How is he there? Do they offend him? Did you eat or stay hungry? Did you get caught in a draft? " - such disturbing thoughts do not give rest to his mom and dad all day.
Of course, every parent wants the child to return from kindergarten happy, well-fed and, of course, healthy. But if high-quality food and leisure depend on the conscientiousness and professionalism of the staff of the educational institution, then the building of the kindergarten itself influences the health of the child - how well it can maintain a favorable microclimate.
Microclimate for babies
In his book "Child's Health", the well-known pediatrician Yevgeny Komarovsky assures that children’s fascination with invented images and events is sometimes so strong that they may simply not notice the current changes around and continue to play calmly even at a body temperature of 39оС. And children do not even think about such trifles as drafts or coolness in the room. This means that the designers and builders of kindergartens should take care of the elimination of such potentially dangerous factors in a timely manner, relying on the developed sanitary and hygienic standards.
In particular, the recently entered into force SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13 regulates all issues of arranging kindergartens: fire safety, layout and ergonomics of premises, lighting levels and much more - up to the location of bedrooms and playrooms relative to the cardinal points and even the dimensions of children's furniture ...
But special attention is paid to the microclimate in the regulations. For example, it is indicated that the relative humidity in rooms with children should be in the range of 40-60%. The drier air dries the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, thereby reducing their ability to resist pathogenic bacteria transmitted by airborne droplets. If the humidity is higher than normal, then the dampness creates ideal conditions for the appearance of mold, which is fraught with severe allergies in children.
As for the temperature regime, it is regulated even more strictly. It should not be colder than + 21 ° C in playrooms, and at least + 19 ° C in bedrooms. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure a constant flow of fresh, but warm air to all rooms: it must be completely renewed every 20-30 minutes!
During the obligatory hourly ventilation, a short-term decrease in the air temperature in the room is allowed, but no more than 2-4 ° C. And the through ventilation itself in the winter must be carried out in the absence of children. In the warm season, daytime or nighttime sleep of babies is allowed with open windows, but again with a prerequisite - without drafts.
There is no need to explain how dangerous drafts are for the health of hot, sweating children who are keen on active games. Even a slight movement of cold air can lead to a sharp cooling of the body and an increase in susceptibility to any pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
“Drafts, hazardous to children's health, can occur even with tightly closed windows,” says Olga Loginova, marketing director of CAPAROL, an expert in the field of protection and thermal insulation of building facades. - If the outer walls are poorly insulated, then their surfaces facing the room in winter can be several degrees colder than the room air. This is enough for the cold to blow on the floor, on which children love to play, and a so-called "convective draft" appears - a sure way to earn a cold. "
Old single-glazed windows also pose a lot of problems. Loosely closing sashes are not able to prevent blowing, and the glass surface facing the room in winter can be cooled to negative temperatures even with sufficient heating power. Then ice forms on the glass, and the "convective draft" fully manifests itself.
“For kindergartens, high heat-saving characteristics of any enclosing structures - walls, roofs, windows are especially important, - adds Pavel Abaturov, commercial director of the Ural branch of PROPLEX, the first Russian developer and largest manufacturer of PVC window systems based on Austrian technologies. - Therefore, designers prefer to play it safe and use energy-saving plastic windows with an installation depth of at least 70 mm and a double-glazed window up to 42 mm thick. In terms of the level of heat saving, such a window is similar to a brick wall half a meter thick. "
It is worth mentioning that modern windows with sealed double-glazed windows and a dense rebate of the sash, excluding the occurrence of drafts, do a good job of protecting against street noise. And this is extremely important for healthy sleep in babies. According to construction requirements, the noise level in the bedrooms of kindergartens should not exceed 40 dB.
Behind the walls of the kindergarten
Traditionally, in our country, kindergartens were built from bricks or reinforced concrete structures. In Soviet times, the required thermal protection of external walls was achieved almost exclusively by increasing their thickness. But with the introduction of much more stringent requirements for resistance to heat transfer into SNiP 23-02-2003, the use of highly efficient heat-insulating materials was required. Usually, expanded polystyrene or mineral wool is used for this, which, in comparison with other heaters, have the best performance. For example, in the climatic zone of the Moscow region, only 120 mm of expanded polystyrene or 130 mm of mineral wool will be required to provide thermal protection at the level of the most modern building requirements.
“Thermal insulation material can only retain the maximum amount of heat and provide a favorable microclimate in the building if it is placed on the outer side of the wall and is reliably protected from adverse weather conditions. On this principle, composite systems of facade insulation with external plaster layers are built, - notes Pavel Shmelev, architect of the Moscow architectural studio "Versia". - From the point of view of designers, this is the optimal type of decoration for any childcare facility, be it kindergartens, schools or clinics. After all, a modern plaster facade combines high energy efficiency, durability and wide design possibilities. "
Plastering systems are used not only for new childcare facilities. They are also perfect for the reconstruction of old kindergartens built in the 1950-70s. This measure, available to municipal budgets, reduces the heat loss of a building by 40-50% at once, which has a positive effect not only on the microclimate of the premises, but also on the heating costs of the building.
Considering the irrepressible energy of kids, their active games during walks in the fresh air, it is logical to protect the facade of the kindergarten from possible damage. Denis Melnik, commercial director of the Igandika company, which sells a wide range of materials for facades and interiors in Russia, believes that in such cases it is appropriate to use plaster compounds with the addition of carbon fibers, which give the insulation systems outstanding strength and elasticity. To illustrate what loads a carbon fiber facade can withstand, he gives an example from his practice:
“We have been using carbon-based plaster in a building where wheelchairs are heavily used. Previously, from the impact of the wheels, the plaster fell into disrepair in a matter of weeks. But in the year that has passed since the plastering of the walls with the CAPATECT system (Caparol), not a single trace of collisions has appeared on them. "
“In Germany, plasters containing carbon fibers have passed a rigorous test of 'survival' in the conditions of active sports games,” adds Roman Ryazantsev, project manager at CAPAROL. - They were tested according to the German standard DIN 18032. It is believed that if the plaster withstands 12 blows with a hockey puck at a speed of 18.0 m / s and 54 blows with a handball at a speed of 23.5 m / s, then it can be safely used in buildings where children are playing. "
Children need beauty
Architect Natalya Popova, in her work “Color in the interior of kindergartens”, defined the influence of color on kids in the following way: “The color scheme of the interiors of preschool institutions actively influences the child. It either positively affects its development, well-being, including psychological; or it becomes an obstacle preventing a child from showing a creative individuality, it can even negatively affect the learning process ”.
Many experts agree with this point of view.
The renowned Spanish architect Alejandro Muñoz Miranda, based on the advice of reputable child psychologists, in the city of Grenada designed the Rainbow Colored Kindagarten, where windows of a variety of colors are inserted. The Kekec kindergarten in Ljubljana was built using the same principles - in the building, all the blinds on the windows are painted with bright colors. It is believed that the more positive emotions a child receives in a bright environment, the more optimistic his position in life will be in the future.
In Russia, there are also interesting projects that embody ideas about a kindergarten, which takes care of both the physical and psychological well-being of the child.
So, in Yekaterinburg, in the Akademichesky district, a modern kindergarten with a plaster facade CAPATECT (Caparol), painted in bright sunny colors, was commissioned. And in the Moscow district Yuzhnoye Chertanovo, a kindergarten "Zvezdochka", built according to an individual project, was opened, which has not only a colorful, but also a very original facade.
“To ensure a favorable microclimate, we used the CAPATECT (Caparol) plaster insulation system for the exterior decoration of the building. The walls of the kindergarten were decorated with unusual geometric shapes. It was decided to revive them with durable CAPAROL facade paints, which are capable of self-cleaning from dirt and soot and do not fade for many years, - says Sergey Ivannikov, the chief architect of this project. “In addition, special light conditions have been created in the kindergarten thanks to large, irregularly shaped windows. As a result, the abundance of sun in playrooms and bedrooms has a positive effect on the mood of children. "
Modern technologies for arranging facades allow preschool educational institutions to be warm in the most severe winters, comfortable in any weather and bright even on a gloomy day. Children will be happy to attend such kindergartens, and the likelihood of getting sick in them will be incomparably less than in gray and cold buildings.
CAPAROL Press Service
It seemed that yesterday the baby was taken from the hospital, but today he needs to be taken to kindergarten. “How is he there? Do they offend him? Did you eat or stay hungry? Did you get caught in a draft? " - such disturbing thoughts do not give rest to his mom and dad all day.
Of course, every parent wants the child to return from kindergarten happy, well-fed and, of course, healthy. But if high-quality food and leisure depend on the conscientiousness and professionalism of the staff of the educational institution, then the building of the kindergarten itself influences the health of the child - how well it can maintain a favorable microclimate.
Microclimate for babies
In his book "Child's Health", the well-known pediatrician Yevgeny Komarovsky assures that children’s fascination with invented images and events is sometimes so strong that they may simply not notice the current changes around and continue to play calmly even at a body temperature of 39оС. And children do not even think about such trifles as drafts or coolness in the room. This means that the designers and builders of kindergartens should take care of the elimination of such potentially dangerous factors in a timely manner, relying on the developed sanitary and hygienic standards.
In particular, the recently entered into force SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13 regulates all issues of arranging kindergartens: fire safety, layout and ergonomics of premises, lighting levels and much more - up to the location of bedrooms and playrooms relative to the cardinal points and even the dimensions of children's furniture ...
But special attention is paid to the microclimate in the regulations. For example, it is indicated that the relative humidity in rooms with children should be in the range of 40-60%. The drier air dries the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, thereby reducing their ability to resist pathogenic bacteria transmitted by airborne droplets. If the humidity is higher than normal, then the dampness creates ideal conditions for the appearance of mold, which is fraught with severe allergies in children.
As for the temperature regime, it is regulated even more strictly. It should not be colder than + 21 ° C in playrooms, and at least + 19 ° C in bedrooms. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure a constant flow of fresh, but warm air to all rooms: it must be completely renewed every 20-30 minutes!
During the obligatory hourly ventilation, a short-term decrease in the air temperature in the room is allowed, but no more than 2-4 ° C. And the through ventilation itself in the winter must be carried out in the absence of children. In the warm season, daytime or nighttime sleep of babies is allowed with open windows, but again with a prerequisite - without drafts.
There is no need to explain how dangerous drafts are for the health of hot, sweating children who are keen on active games. Even a slight movement of cold air can lead to a sharp cooling of the body and an increase in susceptibility to any pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
“Drafts, hazardous to children's health, can occur even with tightly closed windows,” says Olga Loginova, marketing director of CAPAROL, an expert in the field of protection and thermal insulation of building facades. - If the outer walls are poorly insulated, then their surfaces facing the room in winter can be several degrees colder than the room air. This is enough for the cold to blow on the floor, on which children love to play, and a so-called "convective draft" appears - a sure way to earn a cold. "
Old single-glazed windows also pose a lot of problems. Loosely closing sashes are not able to prevent blowing, and the glass surface facing the room in winter can be cooled to negative temperatures even with sufficient heating power. Then ice forms on the glass, and the "convective draft" fully manifests itself.
“For kindergartens, high heat-saving characteristics of any enclosing structures - walls, roofs, windows are especially important, - adds Pavel Abaturov, commercial director of the Ural branch of PROPLEX, the first Russian developer and largest manufacturer of PVC window systems based on Austrian technologies. - Therefore, designers prefer to play it safe and use energy-saving plastic windows with an installation depth of at least 70 mm and a double-glazed window up to 42 mm thick. In terms of the level of heat saving, such a window is similar to a brick wall half a meter thick. "
It is worth mentioning that modern windows with sealed double-glazed windows and a dense rebate of the sash, excluding the occurrence of drafts, do a good job of protecting against street noise. And this is extremely important for healthy sleep in babies. According to construction requirements, the noise level in the bedrooms of kindergartens should not exceed 40 dB.
Behind the walls of the kindergarten
Traditionally, in our country, kindergartens were built from bricks or reinforced concrete structures. In Soviet times, the required thermal protection of external walls was achieved almost exclusively by increasing their thickness. But with the introduction of much more stringent requirements for resistance to heat transfer into SNiP 23-02-2003, the use of highly efficient heat-insulating materials was required. Usually, expanded polystyrene or mineral wool is used for this, which, in comparison with other heaters, have the best performance. For example, in the climatic zone of the Moscow region, only 120 mm of expanded polystyrene or 130 mm of mineral wool will be required to provide thermal protection at the level of the most modern building requirements.
“Thermal insulation material can only retain the maximum amount of heat and provide a favorable microclimate in the building if it is placed on the outer side of the wall and is reliably protected from adverse weather conditions. On this principle, composite systems of facade insulation with external plaster layers are built, - notes Pavel Shmelev, architect of the Moscow architectural studio "Versia". - From the point of view of designers, this is the optimal type of decoration for any childcare facility, be it kindergartens, schools or clinics. After all, a modern plaster facade combines high energy efficiency, durability and wide design possibilities. "
Plastering systems are used not only for new childcare facilities. They are also perfect for the reconstruction of old kindergartens built in the 1950-70s. This measure, available to municipal budgets, reduces the heat loss of a building by 40-50% at once, which has a positive effect not only on the microclimate of the premises, but also on the heating costs of the building.
Considering the irrepressible energy of kids, their active games during walks in the fresh air, it is logical to protect the facade of the kindergarten from possible damage. Denis Melnik, commercial director of the Igandika company, which sells a wide range of materials for facades and interiors in Russia, believes that in such cases it is appropriate to use plaster compounds with the addition of carbon fibers, which give the insulation systems outstanding strength and elasticity. To illustrate what loads a carbon fiber facade can withstand, he gives an example from his practice:
“We have been using carbon-based plaster in a building where wheelchairs are heavily used. Previously, from the impact of the wheels, the plaster fell into disrepair in a matter of weeks. But in the year that has passed since the plastering of the walls with the CAPATECT system (Caparol), not a single trace of collisions has appeared on them. "
“In Germany, plasters containing carbon fibers have passed a rigorous test of 'survival' in the conditions of active sports games,” adds Roman Ryazantsev, project manager at CAPAROL. - They were tested according to the German standard DIN 18032. It is believed that if the plaster withstands 12 blows with a hockey puck at a speed of 18.0 m / s and 54 blows with a handball at a speed of 23.5 m / s, then it can be safely used in buildings where children are playing. "
Children need beauty
Architect Natalya Popova, in her work “Color in the interior of kindergartens”, defined the influence of color on kids in the following way: “The color scheme of the interiors of preschool institutions actively influences the child. It either positively affects its development, well-being, including psychological; or it becomes an obstacle preventing a child from showing a creative individuality, it can even negatively affect the learning process ”.
Many experts agree with this point of view.
The renowned Spanish architect Alejandro Muñoz Miranda, based on the advice of reputable child psychologists, in the city of Grenada designed the Rainbow Colored Kindagarten, where windows of a variety of colors are inserted. The Kekec kindergarten in Ljubljana was built using the same principles - in the building, all the blinds on the windows are painted with bright colors. It is believed that the more positive emotions a child receives in a bright environment, the more optimistic his position in life will be in the future.
In Russia, there are also interesting projects that embody ideas about a kindergarten, which takes care of both the physical and psychological well-being of the child.
So, in Yekaterinburg, in the Akademichesky district, a modern kindergarten with a plaster facade CAPATECT (Caparol), painted in bright sunny colors, was commissioned. And in the Moscow district Yuzhnoye Chertanovo, a kindergarten "Zvezdochka", built according to an individual project, was opened, which has not only a colorful, but also a very original facade.
“To ensure a favorable microclimate, we used the CAPATECT (Caparol) plaster insulation system for the exterior decoration of the building. The walls of the kindergarten were decorated with unusual geometric shapes. It was decided to revive them with durable CAPAROL facade paints, which are capable of self-cleaning from dirt and soot and do not fade for many years, - says Sergey Ivannikov, the chief architect of this project. “In addition, special light conditions have been created in the kindergarten thanks to large, irregularly shaped windows. As a result, the abundance of sun in playrooms and bedrooms has a positive effect on the mood of children. "
Modern technologies for arranging facades allow preschool educational institutions to be warm in the most severe winters, comfortable in any weather and bright even on a gloomy day. Children will be happy to attend such kindergartens, and the likelihood of getting sick in them will be incomparably less than in gray and cold buildings.
CAPAROL Press Service
